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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 


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PRINCIPLES 

OF 

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Civil Government 

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CONTAINING OVER 

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700 QUESTIONS AND- .700 ANSWERS 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES, AND SENATORIAL AND ASSEMBLY 
DISTRICT APPORTIONMENTS 


A practical work upon National and State Government , arranged 
to meet the demands of the Students and Teachers 
of the State of New York 


By D. M. ESTEE, A. M. 

A 


FIFTEENTH EDITION 


ROCHESTER, N. Y. : 

EDUCATIONAL GAZETTE PUBLISHING CO. 







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PREFACE 


This book is respectfully submitted to the teachers 
and pupils of our public schools, with a hope that 
it may prove beneficial to all ; to teachers by assist¬ 
ing them in instilling into the minds of their pupils 
the more important facts of Civil Government ; to 
pupils by enabling them to select from an exhaustive 
treatise upon this subject what is essential to be 
learned and what is simply explanatory. 

Teachers will find this book especially adapted 
for use in preparing their pupils for the Regents’ 
examination. 

Those desiring to pass the State uniform exami¬ 
nation in this subject will find this book very 
helpful. 

In this work simply the facts are given, with¬ 
out any exhaustive explanation. It is expected that 
the teacher may add much interest to any lesson 
assigned by supplementing it with items brought 
from some larger text book. 




4 


PREFACE. 


It is the duty of the teacher to endeavor to 
teach the pupil to think, and by so doing the pupil 
will have no difficulty in remembering. 

The author would especially thank the many 
teachers who have so kindly received the previous 
editions of this work, and presents them this edition 
upon entirely new plates, and revised to date, 
believing that they will find it especially adapted 
to their needs. 

The Author. 



CONTENTS 


Definitions, Government, Law, Rights, 

Forms of Government, - 
Growth of Articles of Confederation, 

Growth of the National Constitution, 

The National Government, 

President of the United States, 

Legislative Department of the United States- 
Congress, ------ 

Judicial Department, - 
Government of Territories, - 

State Government, - 
State Judicial System, - - 

State Legislative Department, - 

Board of Regents,. 

State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
Government of Counties, - - - - 

Government of Cities, - 
Government of Towns, - 
Government of a Village, - 


1 - 11 
12 - 30 
31 - 56 
57 - 78 
79 - 82 
83-118 

119-196 

197-218 

219-225 

226-277 

- 278-298 
299-331 
332-335 
336-341 

- 342-363 

- 364-373 

- 374-399 

- 400-410 



6 


CONTENTS. 


Government of a School District, 

Ordinary Civil Cases, - 

General Questions,. 

Citizens and Citizenship, - 

Estates—Wills,. 

Patent Rights, Copyrights, Trade Marks, - 
Partnership, Partners, - 

Contracts,. 

The Relation of Parents and Children, 
Definitions of Criminal Offenses, 
Miscellaneous Questions, 


- 411-432 

- 433-475 

- 476-481 

- 482-505 

- 506-530 

- 531-541 

- 542-544 

- 545-565 

- 566-567 

- 568-591 

592 


PRINCIPLES 


OF 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is Government ? 

Government is the power which has the 
control, direction and administration of laws. 

2. Define Civil Government. 

Civil Government vests its powers in officers, 
elected by the people or appointed by some 
authority. 

3. What is law ? 

Law is a rule of action. 

4. What is Statute law. 

Written law or laws passed by Congress or 
State Legislatures. 

5. What is Common law ? 

It is the unwritten law or laws handed down 
to us from England. They are laws that have 
become binding from long usage. 

6. What is International law ? 

It is the law which regulates the mutual 
intercourse of nations. 

2 



2 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


7. Why is government necessary ? 

Government is necessary to protect the rights 
of the people. 

;8. What are rights ? 

Rights are those things upon which people 
have a just claim. 

9. Name two kinds of rights. 

Political and civil rights. 

10. Define political rights. 

Political rights are the rights of all citizens 
to share in the government. 

11. Define civil rights. 

Civil rights are those which govern the actions 
of our every day life. 


FORMS OF GOVERNMENT 


12. Name six different forms of government that have been 
known to exist. 

Patriarchy, Theocracy, Monarchy, Aristocracy, 
Democracy, Republic. 

13. Explain the Patriarchal form of government, and give an 
example. 

It is one in which the father is the chief or 
ruler of the family. Abraham was a Patriarchal 
ruler. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


3 


14. Explain the Theocratic form, and give an example. 

It is one in which the laws that govern the 
people are received directly from God. Ex¬ 
ample : The Hebrews who received their laws 
direct from God on Mt. Sinai. 

15. Explain the Aristocratic form, and give an example. 

It is one in which the government is managed 
by a privileged order of men distinguished for 
their rank or wealth. Example : Ancient Venice, 
and at present, House of Lords, England. 

16. Explain the Monarchial form. 

It is a government in which the supreme 
power is in the hands of one person. 

17. State the forms of Monarchial government. 

Absolute, limited, hereditary and elective. 

18. What is an absolute Monarchy, and give an example ? 

It is a monarchy in which all the power is 
vested in or proceeds from one individual. 
Example: Russia. 

19. What is a limited Monarchy, and give an example ? 

It is a monarchy in which the ruler or Monarch 
is restricted by a Constitution. It is sometimes 
called a Constitutional Monarchy. Example: 
England. 


4 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


20. What is a hereditary Monarchy, and give an example ? 

It is a monarchy in which the throne passes 
from father to son or from the Monarch to his 
successor by inheritance. Example : Germany. 

21. What is an elective Monarchy, and give an example ? 

It is a monarchy in which the Monarch is 
elected for life, and at his death another one is 
elected or appointed by the people. Example: 
At one time in Italy. 

22. Explain the Democratic form of government, and give an 
example. 

It is one in which all the people meet together 
to make, execute and interpret their laws. In 
ancient Greece there were some such forms of 
government. 

23 Explain the Republican form of government, and give an 
example. 

It is one in which the people elect representa¬ 
tives to make, execute and interpret their laws. 
Example: United States. 

24. Name a country in which the three forms of government, 
Monarchial, Aristocratic and Republican forms, are blended. 

England. 

25. Name three forms of government that this country had 
prior to the Revolution. 

Royal, Charter, Proprietary. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


5 


26. Describe the Proprietary. 

It is one in which the King of England gave a 
grant of land to some individual and he exercised 
authority over it. 

27. Describe the Royal form. 

The government was entirely under the control 
of the King of England. 

28. Describe the Charter form. 

The people of the colony had some rights 
assigned to them by a charter. 

29. How many colonies in North America prior to the Revolu¬ 
tion ? 

Thirteen. 

30. Name them, giving date of settlement. 

Virginia, 1607; Massachusetts, 1614 to 1620; 
New York, Dutch, 1614 to 1623, English, 1664; 
New Jersey, Dutch, 1617, English, 1664; New 
Hampshire, 1623 to 1680; Connecticut, 1633 to 
1635 ; Rhode Island, 1636 ; Maryland, 1634 ; Del¬ 
aware, 1638 to 1703; North Carolina, 1640 to 
1650; South Carolina, 1670; Pennsylvania, 1681; 
Georgia, 1733. 


6 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


GROWTH OF ARTICLES OF 
CONFEDERATION 

31. What caused these colonies to sever their connections with 
England ? 

English oppression and, taxation without 
representation. 

32. When was the first Continental Congress held ? 

September 5th, 1774. 

33. Who was chosen its presiding officer ? 

Peyton Randolph of Virginia. 

34. Where was it held ? I 

Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 

35. Of how many delegates was it composed ? 

Fifty-three. 

36. What colony was not represented ? 

Georgia. 

37. Give the results of its deliberations. 

It discussed the relations of the Colonies with 
England and decided to meet again in May, 1775. 

38. When was the second Continental Congress held ? 

May 10th, 1775. 

39. Where did it first meet ? 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 

40. Who was chosen its first presiding officer ? 

Peyton Randolph, of Virginia. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


7 


41. Of how many delegates was it composed ? 

Fifty-six. 

42. How long did it remain in session ? 

Until the adoption of the Constitution and the 
establishment of government under the Constitu¬ 
tion, March 4, 1789. 

43. State two principal things that it accomplished. 

It adopted and signed the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence and originated the Articles of Confeder¬ 
ation. 

44. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence ? 

Thomas Jefferson. 

45. By how many delegates was it signed ? 

Fifty-six. 

46. How many articles did the Articles of Confederation con¬ 
tain ? 

Thirteen. 

47. When were they adopted by the Continental Congress ? 

Adopted by.Congress, November 15, 1777. 

48. When were they ratified by the States ? 

The last State, Maryland, ratified them in 1781. 
and they then became binding upon all the States. 

49. State five defects in the Articles of Confederation ? 

1st—There was no Judicial department. 2d— 
There was no Executive department. 3d—They 
could coin money but had no power to buy the 


8 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


bullion. 4th—They could declare war and tell the 
number of men necessary, but could not compel a 
single soldier to enter the field. 5th—They had 
power to borrow money, but no means by which 
to raise money to repay it. 

50. How long were the Articles of Confederation enforced ? 

Twelve years. 

51. How many Presidents were there of the second Conti¬ 
nental Congress ? 

Thirteen. 

52. Name two who were Presidents of it from New York 
State. 

John Jay, December 10th, 1778, to September 
28th, 1779, and Elias Boudinot, November 4th, 
1782, to November 3d, 1783. 

53. Name the places where it convened. 

Philadelphia, Pa., May 10th, 1775; Baltimore, 
December 20th, 1776; Philadelphia, Pa., March 4th, 
1777 ; Lancaster, Pa., September 27th, 1777; York, 
Pa., September 30th, 1777 ; Philadelphia, Pa., July 
2d, 1778; Princeton, N. J., June 30th, 1783; Annap¬ 
olis, Md., November 26th, 1783 ; Trenton, N. J., 
November 1st, 1784; New York, January 11th, 
1785. 

54. Of how many houses did Continental Congress consist ? 

One. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


9 


55. How were the members of that Congress elected ? 

Elected by the State Legislatures. 

56. Give peculiarity of their voting. 

They voted by States. If a State had seven 
delegates, these met and a majority of them de¬ 
cided how the State should cast its vote. 


GROWTH OF THE CONSTITUTION 

57. When was the first act taken to revise the Articles of Con¬ 
federation ? 

February 21st, 1787, by the second Continental 
Congress. 

58. When did the Constitutional Congress meet ? 

May 14th, 1787. 

59. Where was it held ? 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 

60. Who was chosen its President ? 

George Washington. 

61. Of how many delegates was it composed ? 

Fifty-five. 

62. What State was not represented ? 

Rhode Island. 

63. What did they find it impossible to do ? 

To amend the Articles of Confederation. 



10 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


64. Of how many articles did the Constitution, as framed by 
them, consist ? 

Seven. 

65. How many States ratified it before it went into effect ? 

Eleven. 

66. Name the States that ratified it after it went into effect. 

North Carolina, Nov. 21st, 1789; Rhode Island, 
May 29th, 1790. 

67. How many amendments have been made to the Constitu* 
tion ? 

Fifteen. 

68. Name two methods by which amendments may be made to 
the Constitution. 

1st, Two-thirds of Congress can propose amend¬ 
ments, and when ratified by three-fourths of the 
State Legislatures or in conventions thereof, they 
become part of the Constitution. 2d, When two- 
thirds of the State Legislatures desire an amend¬ 
ment or amendments, conventions of the States 
must be called to propose the amendments, and 
when they are ratified by three-fourths of the State 
Legislatures or in conventions thereof, they become 
part of the Constitution. 

69. By which of these methods have all amendments been 
made ? 

By the first. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


11 


70. State years in which each amendment has been adopted. 

The first ten in 1791; the eleventh, 1798; the 
twelfth, 1804; the thirteenth, 1865 ; the fourteenth, 
1868; the fifteenth, 1870. 

71. State the substance of the first ten amendments. 

They are called the Bill of Bights, and contain 
those rights and privileges deemed most important 
by the people. 

72. State the substance of the eleventh amendment. 

No State court can entertain any suit against a 
State. By this amendment each State is allowed 
the privilege of settling its own obligations by its 
own methods. 

73. State the substance of the twelfth amendment. 

This makes a change in the election of Vice- 
President. Up to this time the chief opponent of 
the President was the Vice-President. By this 
amendment the President and the Vice-President 
are elected upon the same ticket. 

74. State the substance of the thirteenth amendment. « 

It abolished slavery in the United States. 

75. State the substance of the fourteenth amendment. 

It made the negro a citizen and bestowed upon 
him all the civil rights; also it declares the validity 
of the national debt and forbids the payment of 
any debt made in aid of the rebellion. 


12 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


76. State the substance of the fifteenth amendment. 

It gives the colored race all political rights. 

77. What is the object of the preamble to the Constitution of 
the United States ? 

To state clearly the purposes for which the 
Constitution was adopted. 

78. Name six things that the preamble desires to establish by 
the Constitution. 

To form a more perfect union, to establish jus¬ 
tice, to insure domestic tranquility, to provide for 
the common defense, to promote the general wel¬ 
fare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to our¬ 
selves and posterity. (1)* 


THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

79. What is a Nation ? 

It is all the people of a country united under 
the same form of government. 

80. Of what three departments does the National Government 
* consist ? 

Executive, Legislative and Judicial. 

81. Why should they be separate and distinct ? 

It is only when they are separated that there is 
a true republic, and the closer they are allied the 

♦The numbers refer to the divisions of the Constitution. Let the 
student turn to it and read each reference. 




PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


13 


nearer an approach is made to an absolute mon¬ 
archy. Each department acts as a check on the 
other. 

82. What is the fundamental law of the United States ? 

The United States Constitution. 


PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

83. Of what does the executive department consist ? 

The President of the United States. (55.) 

84. What are the duties of the office ? 

He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy. 
He appoints many civil officers, with advice and 
consent of Congress. He can make treaties with 
two-thirds the consent of Congress. He can con¬ 
vene Congress on extraordinary occasions. He 
has also many other duties. (63—66.) 

85. What is the veto power, and why is it given ? 

It is the refusal of the President to sign a bill 
that has been passed by Congress, and one reason 
why it is given is to prevent hasty legislation. 

86. Give the qualifications necessary for the President of the 
United States. 

He must be a natural born citizen, thirty-five 
years of age, and fourteen years a resident of the 
United States immediately preceding the election. 
(59.) 



14 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


87. Name his salary. 

$50,000 and residence furnished. 

88. How is he elected ? 

By Presidential Electors, elected by the people 
for that purpose. (56 and 97.) 

89. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Four years. (55.) 

90. Give reasons why a longer term would be desirable. 

After becoming acquainted with the affairs of 
the nation, he would be better enabled to advise 
Congress, and thus be enabled to serve the country 
in a more acceptable manner. 

91. To how many members is each State entitled in the Elec¬ 
toral College ? 

To as many as it has members in the House of 
Representatives and United States Senate. (56.) 

92. How many were elected in the last election ? 

In 1892 there were 444 elected. 

93. State how the Electors to the College get their appointment. 

By State conventions. 

94. When does the election occur ? 

Upon the first Tuesday after the first Monday in 
November in the years divisible by four. 

95. Who determines the time of election ? 

Congress. (58.) 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


15 


96. After election, -what must the Electors do ? 

The first Wednesday in December they meet, 
usually in their respective State capitols, and vote 
for President and Vice-President, and send the 
result to the President of the Senate. 

97. Describe the manner of procedure of the President of the 
Senate. 

In the presence of Congress assembled, the Pres¬ 
ident of the Senate opens and has counted the 
results of the vote. If no candidate has a majority 
of the electoral vote, then from the three candi¬ 
dates receiving the highest number of votes the 
House of Representatives proceeds to elect a Pres¬ 
ident. (97) 

98. When does the House of Representatives elect a President ? 

When no candidate has received a majority of 
the electoral vote. 

99. What Presidents have been elected by the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives ? 

Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams. 

100. By whom is the oath of office administered to the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States ? 

By the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

101. Who has the power of granting reprieves and pardons in 
the United States ? 

The President. (63.) 


16 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


102. In what cases is the President not permitted to grant pardon? 

In cases of treason and impeachment. (63.) 

103. What military rank does the President hold ? 

He is Commander-in-Chief of the army and 
navy. (63.) 

104. In what respect is the President of the United States a 
legislative officer ? 

By the use of the veto power. 

105. What is the President’s Message and how often issued ? 

It is a written document sent by the President 
to Congress, setting forth the needs of the govern¬ 
ment, and issued at least once a year. (66.) 

106. Who are the chief advisers of the President ? 

The President’s Cabinet, composed of eight sec¬ 
retaries. 

107. Name the officers composing the President’s Cabinet. 

1st, Secretary of State; 2d, Secretary of Treas¬ 
ury; 3d, Secretary of War; 4th, Attorney Gen¬ 
eral ; 5th, Postmaster General; 6th, Secretary of 
Navy ; 7th, Secretary of the Interior ; 8th, Secre¬ 
tary of Agriculture. 

108. How are they appointed ? 

By the President, and confirmed by the Senate. 

109. Name their salary. 

They receive a salary of $8,000. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


17 


110. Give some duties of the Secretary of State. 

He preserves records, etc., and conducts business 
and correspondence with all foreign nations. 

111. Give some duties of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

He has general supervision of the fiscal transac¬ 
tions of the government, and has charge and gen¬ 
eral direction of the mints and coinage. 

112. Give some duties of the Secretary of War. 

He keeps all records of the army and has the 
general supervision of the arms, clothing and pay¬ 
ment of the army, and has charge of the signal 
service. 

113. Give some duties of Secretary of Navy. 

He has charge of the navy, navy yards and 
docks, construction of vessels and coast surveys. 

114. Give some duties of the Secretary of the Interior. 

He has the management of Indian affairs, pen¬ 
sions, awarding patents and copy-rights. 

115. Give some duties of the Postmaster General. 

He is at the head of the postoffice department, 
and has the contract for carrying mails, etc. 

116. Give some duties of the Attorney General. 

He is the legal adviser of the President and his 
Cabinet, and conducts and argues all suits in which 
the government is concerned. 


3 


18 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


117. Give some duties of the Secretary of Agriculture. 

He has charge of reports from all farming dis¬ 
tricts of the United States, and keeps a record of 
the productiveness of the States. 

118. What is the law in reference to Presidential succession ? 

In case of death or removal of the President and 
Vice-President, then the Secretaries of the Presi¬ 
dent’s Cabinet become President in the order men¬ 
tioned in answer 107. They must, to be eligible, 
have the qualifications of the President.* 


LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES--CONGRESS 

119. Of what does the Legislative department consist ? 

Senate and House of Representatives. (2.) 

120. Upon what day does Congress convene ? 

The first Monday in December. (16.) 

121. How many members are there now (1900) in the House of 
Representatives ? 

Three hundred and sixty-two. 

122. How are they apportioned among the States ? 

According to population. (5.) 

128. Name the five States having the largest number of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

Hew York has 34, Pennsylvania 30, Illinois 22, 
Ohio 21, Missouri 15. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


19 


124. How many members in the Senate ? 

Eighty-six. 

125. How are they apportioned among the States ? 

Two for each State. (8.) 

126. Name a power that the House of Representatives has and 
the Senate does not have, and why ? 

All revenue bills must originate in the House. 
They are nearer the people, and can readily be 
called to account. (23.) 

127. What are revenue bills ? 

Bills in which money is voted for the support 
of government or for other purposes. 

128. Name a power that the Senate has that the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives has not. 

The power of confirming Presidential nomina¬ 
tions and confirming treaties. (64, also 13.) 

129. Name three ways that a bill may become a law. 

1st, Pass both Houses of Congress and be signed 
by the President. 2d, Pass both Houses of Con¬ 
gress and the President neglect to sign it for ten 
days, Sundays excepted. 3d, Pass both Houses of 
Congress by a two-thirds vote over the President’s 
veto. (24-25.) 

130. Name the qualifications for members of the House of 
Representatives. 

They must be twenty-five years of age and citi¬ 
zens of the United States for seven years, and inhab¬ 
itants of the State from which elected. (4.) 


20 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


131. What is their salary ? 

$5,000 and twenty cents a mile for traveling- 
expenses to and from Washington. 

132. How are they elected ? 

Elected by the people from the Congressional 
districts. 

133. For how long are they elected ? 

Two years. (3.) 

134. Name the qualifications for members of the United States 
Senate. 

They must be thirty years of age and citizens of 
the United States for nine years, and inhabitants of 
the State from which elected. (10.) 

135. What is their salary ? 

$5,000 and twenty cents a mile for traveling 
expenses to and from Washington. 

136. For how long are they elected ? 

Six years. (8.) 

137. How are they elected ? - 

By joint ballot of the State Legislatures. (8.) 

138. What are the two Houses taken together called ? 

Congress. (2.) 

139. What advantages are supposed to follow from having the 
Legislative department consist of two houses instead of one ? 

One body acts as a check on the other, and thua 
prevents unwise and hasty legislation. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


21 


140. How often do we have a new Congress ? 

Every two years. 

141. When does the political year of the government begin ? 

Fourth day of March at 12 m. 

142. What is the number of the present Congress ? 

Fifty-seventh Congress will come into office 
March 4th, 1901, at 12 m. 

143. What are the duties of Congress ? 

It is a body of men, consisting of Senators and 
Representatives, assembled for the purpose of en¬ 
acting laws and considering other subjects of na¬ 
tional interest. It is the chief legislative body of 
the nation. (17-20.) 

144. How is their power limited ? 

By the United States Constitution. 

145. Who presides over the Senate ? 

Vice-President. (11.) 

146. When is he allowed to vote ? 

When there is a tie. (11.) 

147. What are his qualifications ? 

Same as those of President of the United States. 

148. How is he elected ? 

By the Presidential Electors. 

149. What salary does he receive ? 

$ 8 , 000 . 


22 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


150. When does the Senate elect the Vice-President ? 

When the Presidential Electors fail to do so. 
(98.) 

151. Describe the method of procedure. 

When no candidate for Vice-President has re¬ 
ceived a majority of the electoral vote, then from 
the two candidates receiving the highest number of 
votes the Senate proceeds to elect a Vice-President. 
(98.) 

152. Who presides over the House of Representatives ? 

Speaker. 

153. How is he elected ? 

By the members of the House from their own 
number. (7.) 

154. Why is he allowed to vote upon all questions ? 

Because he has been elected as a member of 
the House. 

155. State his salary. 

$ 8 , 000 . 

156. Who appoints all standing committees of the House ? 

The Speaker. 


157. Who is at present Speaker of the House ? 









PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


23 


158. What is the President pro tempore of the Senate ? 

The presiding officer in the Vice-President’s 
absence. 

159. How is he elected ? 

By the members of the Senate from their own 
number. (12.) 

160. Why is he elected ? 

To preside over the Senate when the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent is absent. (12.) 

161. State his salary. 

$8,000 when he is called upon to act, but while 
the Vice-President acts he only receives the salary 
of Senator. 

162. Who is at present President pro tempore ? 


163. What is an extra session ? 

It is one held between the regular sessions of 
Congress. 

164. What privileges have Members of Congress as to arrest ? 

They cannot be arrested for civil charges while 
Congress is in session. 

165. What privileges as to liberty of speech ? 

They cannot be arrested for anything said while 
in debate upon the floors of Congress. (21.) 





24 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


166. Give reasons for these privileges. 

They have been elected by the people. The 
people should not be deprived of their services and 
they should be allowed the utmost freedom of 
speech while in debate. 

167. Over what District has Congress exclusive control ? 

District of Columbia. 

168. Mention two purposes for which the United States Senate 
holds executive sessions. 

For confirming Presidential nominations and 
for making treaties with foreign nations. 

169. When vacancies occur in Congress, how are they filled ? 

In the House of Representatives by a special 
election in the district in which the vacancy occurs. 
Such an election is ordered by the Governor of 
the State. (6.) 

In the Senate.—If the Legislature of the State, 
when the vacancy occurs, is in session, it will be 
filled by joint ballot of the Legislature. If it is 
not in session, the Governor will appoint some one 
to fill the vacancy until the Legislature convenes. 
(8 and 9.) 

170. What restrictions are placed on adjournment ? 

Neither can adjourn for more than three days 

nor to any other place, without the consent of the 
other. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


25 


171. How many Congressional districts are there in New York 
State ? 

Thirty-four. 

172. What is a Representative-at-Large ? 

After the general census is taken, sometimes a 
State becomes entitled to more Representatives in 
Congress. Until the State is redistricted, he or 
they are elected upon the State ticket, and are 
called Representatives-at-Large. 

173. Can a member of Congress hold any other office under the 
Government ? 

He cannot. 

174. When Congress first met, how was the Senate required by 
the Constitution to be divided ? 

Into three divisions; one-third of them were 
chosen for two years; one-third for four years, 
and one-third for six years. (9.) 

175. What was the object of this classification ? 

So that the body would be continuous, always 
having at least one-third of the members experi¬ 
enced in the workings of the Senate. 

176. How many constitute a quorum in each House ? 

A majority of the members, except in the con¬ 
sideration of vetoed bills, when at least two-thirds 
must be present. (17 and 24.) 

177. Who determines the rules of proceedings in each House ? 

The members of the House. (18.) 


26 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


178. By whom is war declared ? 

Congress. (36.) 

179. By whom is treaty of peace declared ? 

Congress. 

o 

180. Who administers the oath of office to United States Sen¬ 
ators ? 

The clerk of the Senate. 

181. To members of the House of Representatives ? 

The clerk of the preceding House of Represen¬ 
tatives. 

182. How may new States be admitted into the Union ? 

By an act of Congress. 

183. Where does the power reside to decide a contest for the 
same seat in Congress by two claimants ? 

Each House is the judge of the election and 
qualifications of its members. (17.) 

184. When do laws passed by Congress take effect ? 

They take effect immediately unless specified 
as to time in the bill. 

185. What is a bill ? 

It is a proposed or projected law, presented to 
Congress for enactment. 

186. How many times must a bill be read before a legislative 
body, before its final passage ? 

Three times. 




PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


27 


187. What are committees in Congress ? 

They are persons appointed to consider all sub¬ 
jects of a particular class which shall arise during 
the session. 

188. Give the names of four committees appointed by either 
House to assist in the work of legislation. 

Appropriations, Elections, Pensions, Military 
Affairs. 

189. What Committee does the House of Representatives have 
that the Senate does not, and why ? 

Ways and means. The blouse decides upon 
all ways and means for raising money. 

190. Who appoints the committees in the House of Represent¬ 
atives ? 

Speaker. 

191. Who appoints the committees in the Senate ? 

They are appointed by a vote of the Senate. 

192. Name your Representative in Congress. 


193. Name the U. S. Senators from your State. 


194. In whom is the power vested to make treaties with foreign 
nations ? 

In the President, with the advice and consent 
of the Senate. 




ss 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


195. What is an executive session of the U. S. Senate ? 

It is a session for the purpose of considering 
treaties with foreign nations or for confirming offi¬ 
cers appointed by the President. 

196. At what places has Congress met since the adoption of the 
Constitution ? 

New York, Philadelphia and Washington. 


JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT 


197. Of what does the Judicial department consist ? 

Supreme Court, Circuit Court and District 
Court. (66.) 

198. What is the jurisdiction of this department ? 

The Constitution specifies its jurisdiction. The 
following are the principal: To all cases arising 
under the Constitution, or the laws of Congress ; 
to all cases affecting foreigners; to controversies 
between two or more States, between a State and 
citizens of another State, and between citizens of 
different States. (69-71.) 

199. How do the Judges obtain their office ? 

They are appointed by the President and con¬ 
firmed by the Senate. 

200. Of how many Judges does the Supreme Court consist ? 

Nine. 




PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


29 


201. What is the length of their term of office ? 

For life, or during good behavior. (68.) 

202. What is their salary ? 

Chief Justice, $10,500; the eight Associate 
Judges, $10,000 each. 

203. How many Circuit Judges are there ? 

Nine. 

204. What is the length of their term ? 

For life, or during good behavior. 

205. State their salary. 

$ 6 , 000 . 

206. Of how many Judges does the District Court consist ? 

Sixty-nine. 

207. What is the length of their term of office ? 

For life, or during good behavior. 

208. What is their salary ? 

$4,000. 

209. Of what does the Court of Claims consist ? 

One Chief Justice and four Associate Judges. 

210. What are their duties ? 

To hear and determine all claims against the 
United States government, also all counter claims. 

211. How are they appointed ? 

They are appointed by the President and con¬ 
firmed by the Senate. 


30 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


212. What is the length of their term of office ? 

For life, or during good behavior. 

213. What is their salary ? 

$4,500. 

214. Upon -what day does the Supreme Court annually convene ? 

The second Monday in October. 

215. What is a Court of Impeachment ? 

It is a tribunal established for the trial of 
public officers for maladministration. 

216. What constitutes the Court of Impeachment in the United 
States government ? 

The Senate. The Vice-President presides when 
the President is not being tried; when the Presi¬ 
dent is being tried, the Chief Justice of the Su¬ 
preme Court presides. (13.) 

217. What United States officers can be impeached ? 

The President, Vice-President and all civil offi¬ 
cers. (67.) 

218. Who prefers the Articles of Impeachment ? 

The Lower House or House of Representatives. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


31 


GOVERNMENT OF TERRITORIES 

219. What is a Territory ? 

It is a portion of country not included in any 
State, and not yet admitted as a State into the 
Union. 

220. What are the chief executive officers of a Territory, and 
how appointed ? 

A Governor and Secretary; appointed by the 
President and confirmed by the Senate, for a term 
of four years. 

221. What are their salaries ? 

The Governor of each Territory receives $3,. 
500; the Secretary, $3,000. 

222. How are Territories represented in Congress ? 

By one delegate, who is allowed to debate 
upon all questions, but not allowed to vote. 

223. Of what does their Legislature consist ? 

It consists of a Council and House of Bepre- 
sentatives elected by the people, by districts, for 
two years. Their sessions are usually biennial. 

224. What officers does their Legislature elect ? 

An Auditor, Treasurer and a Superintendent 
of Common Schools. 

225. In what is their judicial power vested ? 

In a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate 
Courts and Justices of the Peace. 


32 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERRMENT 


STATE GOVERNMENT 

The fundamental principles of State Government are the same 
throughout all the States of the Union. The names of the officers may 
vary slightly. On this account it will be necessary for pupils residing 
in States other than New York to make a slight change in names and 
duties of officers as given below. 

226. What is a State ? 

It is one of tlie Commonwealths, the people of 
which make up the body of the Nation, and which 
stands in certain specified relations to the Nation. 

227. Name three departments of State government. 

Executive, Judicial and Legislative. 

228. Why should they be separate and distinct ? 

It is only when they are separate that there is a 
true Republic, and the closer they are allied the 
nearer an approach is made to an absolute mon¬ 
archy. Each department acts as a check on the 
other. 

229. What is the fundamental law of this State ? 

The State Constitution. 

230. Name the State officers that are elected by the people of 
the whole State. 

Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of 
State, Comptroller, Attorney General, Treasurer, 
State Engineer and Surveyor, and the Judges of 
the Court of Appeals. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


33 


231. Who is the chief executive of the State ? 

The Governor. 

232. What are the qualifications required for the office of Gov. 
ernor ? 

He must be thirty years of age, a citizen of the 
United States and five years a resident of the State. 

233. Name the duties of the office. 

Commander-in-chief of military forces, to have 

power to convene Legislature or Senate in special 
session, to send a message on necessities of the 
State to each Legislature, to transact necessary 
business with other officers of government, to ex. 
pedite all measures resolved upon by the Legisla¬ 
ture, and to take care that the laws are faithfully 
executed. 

234. What is his salary ? 

$10,000 and residence furnished. 

235. For how long a term is he elected ? 

Two years. 

236. How may the salary of a Governor of this State be in¬ 
creased ? 

By amending the Constitution. 

237. What is the veto power of the Governor ? 

It is the refusal to sign a bill passed by the 
Legislature. 


34 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


238. What Judicial power has the Governor ? 

The power of granting reprieves and pardons. 

239. In what case may a Governor of a State appoint a United 
States Senator ? 

If the Legislature is not in session when the 
vacancy occurs the Governor may appoint a Sen¬ 
ator to hold office until the Legislature convenes, 
or if there is a dispute as to who is elected the 
Governor may give his certificate to the person he 
considers elected. 

240. If the Governor should resign who would become his suc¬ 
cessor and for how long a time ? 

The Lieutenant-Governor for the unexpired 
term. After him the President of the Senate, and 
after him the Speaker of the Assembly. 

241. What is the Governor’s message and how often is it issued ? 

It is a written document sent by the Governor 
to the State Legislature setting forth the needs of 
the State and is issued at least once a year. 

242. What are the qualifications required for Lieutenant-Gov¬ 
ernor ? 

The same as those for Governor. 

243. Name some of his duties. 

He presides over the State Senate and is a mem¬ 
ber of the Land Board, also a Begent ex-officio. 

244. What is the length of his term of office ? 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


35 


245. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

246. Give some duties of Secretary of State. 

He keeps the record books and papers belong¬ 
ing to the State, and election returns. He also has 
the supervision of the printing of laws passed by 
the Legislature. 

247. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Two years. 

248. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

249. Give some duties of Comptroller. 

He has the charge of the finances of the State. 
He directs the collection of taxes and other State 
moneys. 

250. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Two years. 

251. What is his salary ? 

$ 6 , 000 . 

252. Give some duties of the Attorney General. 

He defends and prosecutes all suits in which 
the State is interested. He is also the legal ad¬ 
viser of the State officers. 

253. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Two years. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


86 


254. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

255. Give some duties of Treasurer. 

He has charge of money paid to him by the 
Comptroller and pays it out on the Comptroller’s 
warrant. 

256. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Two years. 

257. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

258. Give some duties of State Engineer and Surveyor. 

He must be a practical engineer. He inspects 
the State canals, and lands belonging to the State. 

259. What is the length of his term of office ? 

Two years. 

260. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

261. Give duties of the Court of Appeals. 

It is the highest Court of the State. It hears 
appeals only from the Supreme Court. 

262. Name six State officers that are appointed by the Governor 
and confirmed by the Senate. 

Superintendent of Banking, Superintendent of 
Insurance, Superintendent of Public Works, 
Superintendent of Prisons, State Assessors, Board 
of Claims. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


87 


263. Give duties and salary of Superintendent of Banking. 

He has the general supervision of the banks 
throughout the State, and must send in an annual 
report of their condition to the Legislature. Sal¬ 
ary, $5,000. 

264. Give duties and salary of Superintendent of Insurance. 

He has the general supervision of all insurance 
companies throughout the State, and must send in 
an annual report of their condition to the State 
Legislature. Salary, $7,000. 

265. Give duties and salary of Superintendent of Prisons. 

He has charge of the State prisons in the State; 
appoints the keepers of them, and must send in an 
annual report to the State Legislature of their 
condition. Salary, $6,000. 

266. Give duties and salary of Superintendent of Public Works. 

He has general charge of public works; the 
arrangement and repair of canals, and sends in an 
annual report to the Legislature. Salary, $6,000. 

267. Give duties and salary of State Assessors. 

To assess the valuation of the property of the 
State, and see that it is divided proportionately 
among the counties. Salary, $2,500 each. 

268. Give the duties and salary of Board of Claims. 

It consists of three members, two of whom must 
be practicing attorneys in the Supreme Court. It 


38 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


is their duty to decide upon and award the claims 
of individuals against the State, also to decide con¬ 
cerning counter claims. Salary, $5,000 each. 

269. What are the qualifications necessary for eligibility to the 
offices of the State, with the exception of Governor and Lieutenant- 
Governor ? 

They must have the qualifications of a voter 
at the general election. 

270. How many Constitutions has the State of New York had ? 

Four. 

271. When was the first one adopted ? 

1777. 

272. How does the present State Constitution compare in length 
with the United States Constitution ? 

It is about twice as long. 

273. How can amendments be made to the State Constitution ? 

By being passed by two successive Legislatures, 
and then at the next regular election submitted to 
a vote of the people. If a majority of them are in 
favor of it, it becomes a law. 

274. How may the Constitution be entirely revised ? 

The question of revision is submitted to the 
people every twenty years. If a majority of the 
voters desire the Constitution revised, it is so 
ordered. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


39 


275. What is a Constitution ? 

The principles of fundamental laws which gov¬ 
ern a State or Nation. 

276. What should it contain ? 

It should contain only the fundamental princi¬ 
ples upon which the State or Nation have agreed 
for their government. 

277. Mention the offices through which taxes are collected and 
placed in the control of the State. 

Town Collector, County Treasurer,Comptroller, 
State Treasurer. 


STATE JUDICIAL SYSTEM 

The names of the Courts in various States may vary, also the num¬ 
ber of officers constituting the same. Pupils residing in States other 
than New York should therefore make the slight changes necessary for 
his particular State. 

278. How is the State Judicial system divided ? 

Court of Appeals, Supreme Court, County 
Court and Justice Court. 

279. How many Judges in the Court of Appeals ? 

Seven. 

280. What is the length of their term of office ? 

Fourteen years. 



40 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


281. With what limitation ? 

They cannot hold office after the last day of 
December of the year in which their seventieth 
birthday occurs. 

282. What are their salaries ? 

Chief Justice, $10,500; the six Associate Judges 
$10,000 each. 

283. Who is at present (1900) Chief Justice of the Court of 
Appeals ? 

Alton B. Parker. 

284. What officers of the State can be impeached ? 

Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and the other 
State officers. 

285. What constitutes the Court of Impeachment ? 

The Senate and Court of Appeals, and the 
Lieutenant-Governor presides when the Governor 
is not being tried; when the Governor is being 
tried the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals 
presides. 

286. Who prefers the Articles of Impeachment ? 

The Lower House or Assembly, by majority 
vote. 

287. How many Justices in the Supreme Court of the State ? 

Seventy-six. 

288. How are they elected ? 

By the people in the different judicial districts. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


41 


289. Give length of term of office, with limitation. 

Fourteen years, but cannot hold office after the 
last day of December of the year in which their 
seventieth birthday occurs. 

290. State their salary. 

$ 6 , 000 . 

291. Into how many Judicial Districts has the State been divided ? 

Eight. 

292. What are the divisions of the Supreme Court ? 

Trial Term, Special Term and Appellate 
Division. 

293. State the jurisdiction of the Trial Term of the Supreme 
Court. 

It has original jurisdiction in both civil and 
criminal matters pending in that court. 

294. State the jurisdiction of the Appellate Division. 

It hears appeals from the Lower Courts. 

295. How many Judicial Departments or Appellate Divisions 
are there in the State ? 

Four. 

296. Of how many Justices are the Appellate Divisions com¬ 
posed ? 

Seven Justices in the first department and 
five in each of the others. 

297. By what authority are they selected ? 

They are selected by the authority of the Gov¬ 


ernor. 


42 


PRINCIPLES OF CIYIL GOVERNMENT 


298. State the jurisdiction of the Special Term. 

It is a court consisting of one Supreme Justice 
for hearing and deciding motions, trials with 
juries, etc. 


STATE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

The names of the Upper and Lower Houses in the various States may 
vary , also the number comprising each House and the salary of the 
members . Let the pupils residing in States other than New York make 
the required changes. 

299. What constitutes the State Legislative department ? 

Senate and Assembly. 

300. How many members in the Assembly ? 

One hundred and fifty. 

301. How are they elected ? 

By the people of the different Assembly 
districts. 

302. What is the length of their term of office ? 

One year. 

303. State their salary. 

$1,500 and 10 cents a mile for traveling to 
and from Albany. 

304. How many constitute a quorum ? 

A majority of the members. 

305. How many members in the State Senate ? 

Fifty. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


43 


305. How are they elected ? 

By the people in the different Senatorial 
districts. 

307. What is the length of their term of office ? 

Two years. 

308. State their salaries ? 

$1,500 and ten cents a mile for traveling to 
and from Albany. 

309. What determines the number of Senators and Assembly- 
men ? 

The State Constitution. 

310. When and how are they apportioned through the State ? 

After each State census, and as near as possible 
into districts having the same population. Each 
county is entitled to one Assemblyman. 

311. How many constitute a quorum ? 

A majority of the members. 

312. Who presides over the Senate ? 

Lieutenant-Governor. 

313. Who presides over the Assembly ? 

Speaker. 

314. How is the Speaker of the Assembly chosen ? 

By the Members of the Assembly. 

315. What is the President pro tempore of the Senate ? 

One who is elected by the Senate to preside 
when the Lieutenant-Governor is absent. 


44 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


316. Why is he elected ? 

To preside over the Senate in tlae absence of 
the Lieutenant-Governor. 

317. Who appoints the committees in the State Senate ? 

They are appointed by vote of the Senate. 

318. Who appoints the committees in the Assembly ? 

The Speaker. 

319. Name five important committees of the Legislature. 

Ways and Means, Judiciary, General Laws, 
Revision, Taxation. 

320. What is the use of committees in the Legislature ? 

They are persons appointed to consider all sub¬ 
jects of a particular class which shall arise during 
the session, and all bills brought before the Legis¬ 
lature are referred to its special committee. 

321. Who calls the Assembly to order at its first meeting ? 

The Clerk of the preceding Assembly. 

322. What restrictions are placed on adjournment ? 

Neither House can adjourn for more than two 
days without the consent of the other. 

323. When does the political year of the State begin ? 

The first day of January. 

324. What officers are elected by joint ballot of the Legislature ? 

United States Senators, Superintendent of Pub¬ 
lic Instruction, and the Regents of the University 
of the State of New York. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


45 


325. Upon what day does the State Legislature annually convene ? 

The first Wednesday in January. 

326. By what authority is the number of State Senators pre¬ 
scribed ? 

By the State Constitution. 

327. When is our State election held ? 

Upon the first Tuesday after the first Monday 
in November. 

328. In what years will State Senators be next elected in this 
State ? 

In November, 1901, 1903, 1905. 

329. Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 


330. Name the State Senator representing your district. 


331. Name the County or Counties composing your Senatorial 
district. 





46 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


BOARD OF REGENTS 

332. How many members compose the Board of Regents ? 

Nineteen. 

333. Define their duties. 

They have the supervision of the schools de¬ 
voted to higher education, to a certain extent con¬ 
trol their courses of study, and issue examinations 
to determine the grade of the different schools un¬ 
der their supervision. 

334. What officers of the State are ex-officio members of the 
Board of Regents ? 

The Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the 
Secretary of State, and the Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

335. Name the officers of the Board of Regents, also give salary 
of each (1900). 

Chancellor, Anson J. Upson, no salary; Vice 
Chancellor, William Croswell Doane, no salary; 
Secretary, James Russell Parsons, Jr., salary 
$5,000, and Director of State Library, Melvin 
Dewey, salary $2,400. There are also several 
other officers or clerks appointed by the Regents 
to do office work. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


47 


STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF 
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

336. What are the duties of' the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction ? 

He is at the head of the common school system 
of the State; he has the management of the 
Teachers’ Institutes, and the Teachers’ Training 
Classes; he has the supervision of the Normal 
Schools of the State; he makes an annual report 
to the State Legislature, recommending such 
measures as he deems for the best. 

337. Give the length of his term of office. 

Three years. 

338. What is his salary ? 

$5,000. 

339. How does he receive his appointment ? 

By joint ballot of the State Legislature. 

340. What officers does he appoint ? 

An Assistant Superintendent and other officers 
or clerks to assist him in the work of the office. 

341. Who is at present State Superintendent of Public Instruc¬ 
tion ? 


In all probability within a short time the Board of Regents and the 
State Department of Public Instruction will be united under one head. 
In nearly all of the states, one department has charge of all of the 
schools. Let the pupil make changes required for his particular state. 




48 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


GOVERNMENT OF COUNTIES 

The Government of Counties is about the same throughout the states. 
The names of officers may vary slightly. Let the pupil make the 
changes required for his particular state. 

342. What is a county ? 

It is one of the divisions of the State, set apart 
from the others and empowered to elect officers 
for the administration of its own local affairs. 

343. Why do we have counties ? 

It is more convenient for the administration 
of government to have a state divided into areas 
larger than a town and this is a principle handed 
down by our forefathers. 

344. Compare county of this country with Shire of England. 

A collection of towns for the purpose of 
government is known in this country as a County: 
in England as a Shire. 

345. Who is the chief executive officer of the county ? 

Sheriff. 

346. What is the Legislative body of a county ? 

The Board of Supervisors. 

347. Who is the chief Judicial authority of the county ? 

County Judge. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


49 


348. Name the chief officers of the county and term of office of 
each. 

I.—Sheriff, three years. II.—County Judge, 
six years. III.—Surrogate, six years, only in 
counties of over 40,000 inhabitants. IV.—District 
Attorney, three years. V.—Treasurer, three years. 
VI.—County Clerk, three years. VII.—One of 
three Superintendents of the Poor, three years. 
VIII.—Four Coroners, three years. IX.—Two 
Justices of Sessions, one year. X.—One School 
Commissioner, for each Commissioner district, 
three years. 

349. What county officer is not eligible to re-election ? 

Sheriff. 

350. Give some duties of the Sheriff. 

He is the chief executive officer of the county; 
he has charge of the jail and prisoners; he attends 
court and keeps the peace. 

351. Give some duties of the County Judge. 

He presides over the County Court, having 
both civil and criminal jurisdiction as the Legis¬ 
lature may prescribe. 

352. Give some duties of the Surrogate. 

He takes proof of wills of both real and per¬ 
sonal property, and generally attends to the settle¬ 
ment of the estates of deceased persons. 



50 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


353. Give some duties of the County Clerk. 

He records all mortgages, deeds, etc., of the 
county; administers the oath to the jurors and 
witnesses, and he also records the judgments of 
the courts. 

354. Give some duties of the Treasurer. 

All money collected by the town collectors for 
State and County purposes, is paid to him and he 
pays to the Comptroller the amount belonging 
to the State. 

The Comptroller sends to him the school money 
belonging to the county, which he pays out to the 
supervisors of the county as directed by the School 
Commissioner’s certificate. 

355. Give some duties of the District Attorney. 

He must be a counselor-at-law in the Supreme 
Court. He is the law officer of the county, advises 
the grand jury, and prosecutes criminals. 

356. Give some duties of the Coroners. 

It is their duty to inquire into the causes of 
suspicious deaths, and when necessary can summon 
a jury and witnesses for a formal investigation. 

357. Give some duties of the Superintendent of the Poor. 

He has charge of the county poor house, and 
looks after the employment of the people placed 
there. He must also make an annual report to 
the Board of Supervisors. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


51 


358. Give some duties of School Commissioner. 

He has the supervision of the county schools 
in his district, examines into the qualifications of 
teachers, can form new school districts or change 
the boundaries of old ones. 

359. State how each County Officer is paid. 

The Sheriff and County Clerk in most of the 
counties are paid by fees. The balance of the 
officers are paid a salary or by the day. 

360. Name the County Officers that are required to execute a 
bond for the performance of their duties. 

Sheriff, Surrogate, Treasurer, Superintendent 
of the Poor and District Attorney. 

361. What legal requirements must County Officers comply with 
before entering upon their duties ? 

They must take the oath of office. 

362. Who administers the oath of office to the County Officers ? 

County Clerk. 

363. If the County Clerk is re-elected before whom does he 
qualify ? 

The County Judge. 


52 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


THE GOVERNMENT OF CITIES 

The government of the cities throughout the United States is about 
the same. Let the pupil make any needed changes for his particular 
state. 

364. What is a city ? 

It is an incorporation, having a charter from 
the Legislature describing its manner of govern¬ 
ment. 

365. What is a city charter ? 

It is a written document granted to the city 
by the State authority securing to the city the 
enjoyment of certain rights. 

366. Who islhe chief executive officer of a city ? 

Mayor. 

367. What is the legislative authority of a city ? 

The Common Council, composed of Mayor and 
Board of Aldermen. 

368. What is the judicial authority of a city ? 

The City Courts. 

369. By what authority are cities organized ? 

By an act of the State Legislature. 

370. Name the officers of a city. 

Mayor and Board of Aldermen. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


53 


371. What are their duties ? 

The Mayor is the executive officer of the city 
and usually presides over the Common Council. 
The Board of Aldermen are the Legislative body 
of a city, and it is their duty to look after all the 
general interests of the city. 

372. How many cities are there (1900) in this State ? 

Thirty-five. 

373. How many wards are there in a city ? 

It varies according to population, from four to 
twenty-five. 


THE GOVERNMENT OF TOWNS 

The government of towns throughout the various states of the Union 
is very similar.—Let the pupil make any changes necessary in the town 
officers to fit his own state. 

374. What is a town ? 

It is one of the divisions of a county. It man¬ 
ages its own local affairs by electing certain officers 
prescribed by law. 

375. Explain the origin of the town as the unit of government. 

The government by town meeting is in prin¬ 
ciple the oldest form of government known in the 
world, and is older than the government of 
Athens and Rome. 



54 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


376. Who are the executive officers of a town ? 

Constables and the other elected officers. 

377. What is the legislative body of a town ? 

The legal voters at the annual town meetings. 

378. Who is the judicial authority of a town ? 

The Justice of the Peace. 

379. By what authority are towns organized ? 

By the Board of Supervisors of each county. 

380. Name the officers of a town and the term of office of each. 

Supervisor, one year. 

Town Clerk, one year. 

Four Justices of Peace, four years. 

One, two or three Highway Commissioners, 
one or three years. 

Three Assessors, three years. 

One Collector, one year. 

One or two Overseers of the Poor, one year. 
Five Constables, one year. 

One Game Constable, one year. 

Two Inspectors of Election, one year for each 
election district. 

Three Excise Commissioners, three years. 

381. What are some of the duties of the Supervisor ? 

He is the chief officer of the town, receives and 
pays out the money belonging to the town upon 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


55 


the order of the trustee for schools, and with the 
other Supervisors of the county forms the Legis¬ 
lative body for the county. 

382. What are some of the duties of the Town Clerk ? 

He acts as clerk of the town meeting. It is 
his business to file chattel mortgages and record 
births, deaths and marriages. 

383. What are some of the duties of the Justices of the Peace ? 

They are the chief judicial officers of the town, 
and can try all civil cases, where the amount in¬ 
volved does not exceed $200. 

384. What are the principal duties of the Assessors ? 

To fix a valuation upon all real and personal 
property for taxation purposes. 

385. What are the principal duties of the Highway Commis¬ 
sioners ? 

They have supervision of the roads and the 
repair of bridges. 

386. What are the principal duties of the Overseers of the Poor ? 

They have charge of the people of the town 
who are in indigent circumstances. 

387. What are the duties of the Collector ? 

He receives the tax list, collects it and pays it 
over as ordered. 


56 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


888. What are the duties of the Constables ? 

It is their duty to arrest and bring prisoners 
before a justice to be tried, collect moneys upon 
executions, and see that order is preserved in the 
town. 

389. What are the duties of the Excise Commissioners ? 

It is their duty to act upon all petitions asking 
for the right to sell spirituous liquors. 

390. What are the duties of the Inspectors of Election ? 

To preside at the annual election, receive the 
vote and count the ballot and transmit the same 
to the board of canvassers. 

391. State how each town officer is paid. 

Part are paid by the day for their services, and 
part by fees, and part by the day and by fees. 

392. What officials constitute a Town Board in this State ? 

Supervisor, Justices of the Peace and Town 
Clerk. 

393. What are the duties of the Town Board ? 

The board was created for the purpose of 
auditing and allowing the accounts of all charges 
and claims payable by their respective towns. 

394. What is meant by town meeting ? 

A meeting by electors or voters of a town for 
the purpose of electing officers and transacting 
other business pertaining to the town. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


57 


395. Who determines the time of holding the town meeting and 
at what time it is held ? 

The Board of Supervisors of each county fixes 
the time and date of holding it in its respective 
county. As required by law it must be between 
the first Tuesday in February and the first Tuesday 
in May. All towns in one county hold the town 
meeting on the same day. 

396. What must all of the town officers do before entering upon 
their duties ? 

They must take the oath of office. 

397. Who administers the oath of office ? 

The County Clerk to the Justices of the Peace. 
A Justice of the Peace to the other town officers, 
except Inspectors of Election; the chairman ad¬ 
ministers the oath to the other Inspectors and one 
of the other Inspectors administers the oath to 
the chairman. 

398. What officers of the town must give bonds ? 

Supervisor, Justices of the Peace, Overseers of 
the Poor, Collector, Highway Commissioners, Con¬ 
stables and Excise Commissioners. 

399. Who is the Supervisor of your town ? 




58 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


GOVERNMENT OF A VILLAGE 

400. What is a village ? 

It is an incorporated part of a town, governed 
partially by town government, but principally by 
its own elected officers. 

401. Who is the chief executive officer of a Village ? 

President. 

402. What is the legislative body of a Village ? 

The President and Board of Trustees. 

403. What are the judicial authorities of a Village ? 

Justices of the Peace of the town in which 
located. 

404. By what authority are Villages organized ? 

Any part of a town having three hundred in¬ 
habitants to the square mile may vote to organize 
itself into a village; such a village may also by a 
vote of the people resume the town government. 

405. What is meant by Charter Election ? 

It is an election for the purpose of electing 
village or city officers and is held as often as 
charter provides. 

406. Name the officers of a Village. 

President and Board of Trustees. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


59 


407. Give some duties of the President of the Village. 

To preside over the meetings of the Board of 
Trustees, and see that the laws passed by them 
are enforced. 

408. Give duties of the Trustees of the Village. 

They have general control of the legislative 
interests of the Village. 

409. How many Trustees must a Village have ? 

A Village must have at least three Trustees. 

410. When can a Village have four or more Trustees ? 

When a Village has a resident population of 
1,500, then the Board of Trustees can by resolu¬ 
tion add one trustee to every 500 population in 
excess, until the entire number of trustees, ex¬ 
clusive of the President, shall be nine. 

In other states than Hew York the above officers and duties may vary 
somewhat. 


60 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


GOVERNMENT OF A SCHOOL 
DISTRICT 


411. What is a School District ? 

It is some part of a town or city, placed under 
the care of an officer or officers whose duties are 
to maintain a public school. 

412. What is the executive authority of a School District ? 

Trustee, Trustees, or Board of Education. 

413. What is the legislative authority of a School District ? 

The legal voters at school meetings. 

414. What is the judicial authority of a School District ? 

The School Commissioner of that commissioner 
district. 

415. By what authority are School Districts organized ? 

By the School Commissioner of that commis¬ 
sioner district. 

416. When does the annual school meeting take place ? 

Upon the First Tuesday in August; and if a 
district contains three hundred or more pupils of 
a school age, the officers must be elected by ballot 
upon the Wednesday following, between the hours 
of twelve noon and four in the afternoon, at the 
place where the trustee may designate, usually at 
the principal school building. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


61 


417. What are the qualifications requisite for voters ? 

A. Every person of full age, who is a resident 
of the district, entitled to hold lands in this State, 
who either owns or hires real estate in the district 
liable to taxation for school purposes. 

B. Every resident of the district who is a 
citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, and 
who is the parent of a child of school age, provided 
such child shall have attended the district school 
for a period of at least eight weeks within one 
year preceding. 

C. Every resident of the district, a citizen of 
the United States, 21 years of age, not being the 
parent, who shall have permanently residing with 
him or her a child of school age, which shall have 
attended the district school for a period of at least 
eight weeks within one year preceding. 

D. Every resident and citizen of full age who 
owns any personal property assessed on the last 
preceding assessment roll of the town, exceeding 
fifty dollars in value, exclusive of property exempt 
from execution. 

In either class the voter may be male or female. 
In class B both father and mother are entitled to 
vote. In class C (cases of children residing with 
others than their parents) the phrase “him or her” 
in the statute must be held to limit the suffrage to 


62 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


one person only, and that the head of the house, 
hold. Therefore, where husband and wife living 
together have such a child residing with them, the 
wife is not on that account entitled to vote, al¬ 
though she may be for other reasons. 

418. Name the officers of the School District ? 

Trustee or Trustees, or Board of Education, 
Clerk, Collector, Librarian. 

419. Give some duties of the Trustee or Trustees or Board of 
Education. 

To see that the school property is taken care 
of, hire the teachers, and make an annual report 
to the School Commissioner. 

420. Give some duties of the Clerk. 

To keep a record of all proceedings at school 
meetings, and to give notice according to law of 
all school meetings. 

o 

421. Give some duties of the Librarian. 

He has charge of the library of the school 
district. 

422. Give some duties of the Collector. 

He collects the school district tax and pays it 
out as per order of the Trustee. 


423. When does the school year end ? 

July 25th. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


63 


424. How many weeks constitute a school year ? 

Thirty-two weeks. 

425. Should the property of a person who has no children be 
taxed to support public schools, and why ? 

Yes. The value of property is increased 
where there are good schools. 

426. Mention two sources from which public money is obtained 
for the common schools. 

The revenue from the capital of the common 
school fund and from the United States deposit 
fund. 

427. To what officer must a Trustee make his annual report ? 

School Commissioner. 

428. With what officer must he file it, and when ? 

Town Clerk, between the first and second 
Tuesdays of October in each year. 

429. Name all the legal holidays that may occur on what other¬ 
wise would be a regular school day. 

Christmas, New Years, Washington’s Birthday, 
Decoration Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, 
General Election, Thanksgiving Day, Saturday, 
or any other day appointed by the Governor or 
President. 

430. Before what officer may a teacher make affidavit to the 
correctness of the register of attendence ? 

District Clerk. 


64 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


431. At what elections and meetings can women vote in this 
State ? 

At the election at school meetings, and on all 
questions at school meetings. 

432. What offices can be held in New York State by a woman ? 

All offices connected with the schools of the 
State. 

There will be several differences in officers, their duties , etc., in the 
various states. Let the pupil in his particular state make changes iff 
necessary. 


IN ORDINARY CIVIL CASES 


433. What is a Trial Jury ? 

A body of men, selected according to law, im¬ 
paneled and sworn to inquire into and try any 
matter of fact, and to declare the facts of a case as 
they are delivered from the evidence placed before 
them. 

434. What is a Justice’s Jury ? 

It is the jury of the lowest court, and consists 
of six men. 

435. What is a Petit Jury ? 

It is a regular jury for trying cases in all courts 
above the Justice Court. It consists of twelve 


men. 



PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


65 


436. What is a Struck Jury ? 

When it appears that an impartial jury cannot 
be obtained, the Supreme Court or City Courts can 
give an eight days’ notice before striking a jury. 
It consists of selecting from the jury lists of the 
different towns forty-eight persons. The opposing 
attorneys have a right to strike from this list 
twelve names each, and from the remaining 
twenty-four a jury must be selected. 

437. Name the qualifications requisite for jurors. 

They are drawn from citizens possessing certain 
property qualifications, between the ages of twenty- 
one and sixty. The Supervisors, Town Clerk and 
Assessors make up the list from which they are 
drawn. 

438. Who are exempt from acting as Jurymen ? 

Physicians, clergymen, attorneys, teachers, po¬ 
licemen, locomotive engineers, and all whose tem¬ 
porary withdrawal from their customary vocation 
might work injury or hardship to numbers of 
people. 

439. What is a Grand Jury ? 

A body of men of not less than sixteen or more 
than twenty-three in number, summoned several 
times during the year to inquire into crimes com¬ 
mitted in their jurisdiction. 


66 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


440. How is the list made out for selecting the Grand Jury ? 

The Board of Supervisors apportion the number 
among the different towns in proportion to popu¬ 
lation, and the names designated by the respective 
Supervisors are written upon slips of paper and 
deposited in the County Clerk’s office. 

441. How often is the Trial Jury list changed ? 

Every three years. 

442. How often is the Grand Jury list changed ? 

Every year. 

443. What number of Jurors are drawn ? 

Twenty-four Grand and thirty-six Trial. 

444. What number of Trial Jurors must agree for a verdict ? 

All must agree. In case they do not, a new 
trial must take place with a new jury. 

445. What number of Grand Jurors must agree to bring in an 
indictment ? 

In order for the Grand Jury to bring in an in¬ 
dictment against a person, at least twelve must be 
in favor of it. 

446. Who announces the verdict or renders the report of the 
Grand Jury ? 

The Juror elected by them as foreman. 

447. Who is the Plaintiff ? 

The person who commences the action. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


67 


448. Who is the Defendant ? 

The person against whom the action is brought. 

449. Define Summons. 

It is the mandate of the court, issued by the 
direction of the plaintiff, to be served upon the 
defendant. 

450. What are the Pleadings ? 

They are the written statements of the plaintiff 
and defendant of the facts in support of their 
claims. 

451. What is the Verdict ? 

The unanimous decision of a jury, and reported 
to the court on a matter legally submitted to them. 

452. What is a Judgment ? 

It is the sentence of the court pronounced by 
the judge before whom a criminal action is tried, 
and the official record of the rights of a party as 
established by a decision in a civil action. 

453. What is an appeal ? 

It is the removal of a suit from one court to a 
higher court for re-examination. 

454. How many appeals can be made ? 

Usually not more than two appeals. 

455. What is a criminal action ? 

The prosecution of a person who has committed 
an offence against the law. 


68 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


456. What is a civil action ? 

It is one in which the suit is for a private claim 
or injury. 

457. What is an indictment ? 

A written accusation or formal charge made 
by the grand jury against a person, that he has 
committed a crime. 

458. What is Bail ? 

It is procuring the release of a person from the 
custody of an officer by becoming surety for his 
appearance in court. 

459. When is Bail said to be excessive ? 

When it is more than the penalty would war¬ 
rant. 

460. What is arrest ? 

It is seizing a person and detaining him in the 
custody of the law. 

461. What is a Writ of Habeas Corpus ? 

It is a writ granted to a person, who thinks he 
is unlawfully arrested, by which he can have an 
immediate hearing. If his arrest appears to be 
lawful he is sent back to jail, if unlawful he is 
released. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


69 


462. What is an expost facto law ? 

It is a law which makes an act punishable as 
a crime which was not a crime when commited, or 
increases the penalty of a crime. Such laws are 
unconstitutional in the United States. 

463/ What is a Bill of Attainder ? 

It is a law inflicting the punishment of death 
upon a person without due trial by law and the 
forfeiture of his property. Such laws are uncon¬ 
stitutional in the United States. 

464. What is a Subpoena ? 

It is a writ demanding in court the presence of 
the person upon whom it is served under a 
penalty. 

465. What is a Complaint ? 

It is a formal accusation against a party made 
or presented to the appropriate court or officer. 

466. What is an Arraignment ? 

It is the act of calling and setting a prisoner 
before a court to answer to an indictment or com¬ 
plaint. 

467. What is an Injunction ? 

It is a writ or process granted by some court 
whereby a party is required to do or refrain from 
doing certain acts. 


70 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


468. What is a Mandamus ? 

It is a writ from a superior court to an inferior 
court or to some person in authority, commanding 
the performance of some specified duty. 

469. What is a Warrant ? 

It is an order issued by a magistrate authoriz¬ 
ing an officer to make an arrest, a seizure or a 
search. 

470. What is a Court ? 

It is a tribunal established for the administra¬ 
tion of justice. 

471. What is a Court of Record ? 

It is any trial court where all the proceedings 
are kept on file and recorded. 

472. What are Probate Courts ? 

A court for the official proof of wills of de¬ 
ceased persons. 

473. What is meant by Original Jurisdiction ? 

A court is said to have original jurisdiction 
when the case may originate or commence in it. 

474. What is meant by Appellate Jurisdiction ? 

The jurisdiction which a superior court has to 
rehear cases which have been tried in inferior 
courts. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


71 


475. In case of conviction for murder to what Courts may the 
prisoner appeal ? 

To the General Term and the Court of 
Appeals. 


TARIFF 


476. Define Protective Tariff. 

It is a duty laid on imported goods for the 
purpose of encouraging manufacturing interests. 

477. What is a Revenue Tariff ? 

A duty laid on certain articles for the support 
of the government. 

478. What is free trade ? 

It is a theory that no duty should be laid on 
imported goods, but that all should be allowed to 
purchase goods in the cheapest market. 

479. What is meant by Collection of Duties ? 

Certain ports, called Ports of Entry, are desig¬ 
nated by Congress at which all duties shall be col¬ 
lected. The officer that collects the duties is 
called Collector of Customs. 

480. What are Ports of Entry ? 

The ports where duties are collected. 



72 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


481. Name one Port of Entry on the Atlantic coast and also on 
the Pacific coast. 

New York City on the east, San Francisco on 
the west. 


CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP 

482. What is a Citizen ? 

A native born or naturalized person who is 
entitled to the protection of the Government in 
all his political and civil rights. 

483. What is an Alien ? 

One who has been born outside the jurisdiction 
of the United States and who has not been 
naturalized. 

484. Name two rights that a Citizen has that an Alien has not. 

1st.—A citizen has the protection of this Gov¬ 
ernment in all countries. An Alien does not. 

2d.—A citizen has a share in the political 
rights of the Government, while the Alien has not. 

485. What is meant by a majority of votes cast ? 

More than half the votes cast. 

486. What is Plurality ? 

More votes cast for one individual than any 
other, even though they may be less than half. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


73 


487. Which elects all officers in New York State ? 

Plurality. 

488. Mention three principal rights that belong to every person. 

Personal liberty, personal security, and private 
property. 

489. What is meant by Franchise ? 

It is a privilege conferred upon and vested in 
individuals or corporations. 

490. What is Elective Franchise or the right of Suffrage ? 

Elective franchise is the right to take part in 
the government by voting. 

491. Is it a civil or political right ? 

It is a political right. 

492. What is Disfranchisement ? 

It is the taking away from a person the 
rights of citizenship. 

493. State one cause of Disfranchisement. 

Treason. 

494. What is a Voter or Elector ? 

It is a person who is entitled to vote. 

495. What are the qualifications of a Voter. 

Citizen, male sex, twenty-one years of age, un- 
convicted of heinous crime. He must also be a 


74 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


resident of the State one year, of the county four 
months and of the election district thirty days y 
and ninety days a citizen. 

496. What is meant by challenging a Vote ? 

It is questioning a man’s right to vote. 

497. State three grounds on which a vote may be challenged t 

On account of age, residence and bribery. 

498. Name three classes of persons who cannot vote at the gen¬ 
eral election. 

Aliens, Minors and Women. 

499. Mention two ways by which citizenship can be acquired. 

By naturalization or by serving in the regular 
army for one year and obtaining an honorable 
discharge. 

500. What is Naturalization ? 

It is the act of investing an alien with the 
rights of citizenship. 

501. How can a foreigner become naturalized ? 

1st.—He must reside in this country five years. 

2d.—He must take an oath or affirmation that 
it is his intention to become a citizen. 

3d.—He must then wait two years, and then 
if the court is satisfied that he has resided in this 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


75 


country five years, he then, upon oath swears to 
support the United States Constitution and dis¬ 
claims allegiance to his old country. 

502. Name three privileges belonging to every citizen. 

1. —The protection of the Government. 

2. —The right to own property in any of the 
States. 

3d.—The right to have a share in the Govern¬ 
ment by voting, holding offices, etc. 

503. What is required of every citizen by the government ? 

Loyalty. 

504. Of whom may military duty be required ? 

Of able-bodied male citizens between the ages 
of eighteen and forty-five. 

505. Of whom may jury duty be required ? 

Of men between the ages of twenty-one and 
sixty, with exception noted in question 435. 


76 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


ESTATES—WILLS 


506. What is the meaning of the term Estate ? 

It is the interest that a person has in real 
property. 

507. What is Real Estate ? 

It is co-extensive in meaning with lands and 
tenements. 

508. What is an Estate in Fee ? 

It is the unqualified ownership of certain real 
property. 

509. What is an Estate for Years ? 

It is the right in the possession and use of 
certain property for a given period. 

510. What is a Future Estate ? 

It is the interest a person will have in property 
after the death of some individual or some other 
contingency. 

511. What is an Estate for Life ? 

It is the right to the possession and use of a 
certain property during the life of some one. 

512. What is a Trust ? 

It is an estate held by one person for the use 
or benefit of another. The person holding it is 
called the trustee. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


77 


513. What is a Deed ? 

It is a written instrument by which land is 
transferred from one person to another. 

514. What is a Warranty Deed ? 

The grantor of the deed warrants and defends 
the property conveyed against all lawful claims 
and demands. 

515. What is a Mortgage ? 

It is an instrument similar to a deed, but made 
as a security for the payment of a debt. The 
mortgage becomes void upon the payment of the 
debt. 

516. What should a Deed or Mortgage contain ? 

It should contain the name of the person who 
is to take the property, describe the property, state 
the amount of property conveyed, be signed by 
the person conveying the property, be sealed and 
delivered. 

517. Where is it necessary to have a Deed or Mortgage recorded f 

In the County Clerk’s office. 

518. Define Lease. 

It is a contract for lands or tenements from one 
person to another for life or a term of years for 
some compensation. 


78 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


519. What is an Acknowledgment ? 

It is the declaration of one’s act before some 
proper officer to give it validity. 

520. How is land transferred ? 

By means of a deed, by will or by descent. 

521. What is a Will? 

The written instrument, legally executed, by 
which a person makes a disposition of his estate, 
to take effect after his death. 

522. If no will is made, how is real property divided between 
the widow and children ? 

The widow has the use of one-third of the 
property during her life, and the balance is 
divided equally among the children. 

523. When is a man said to die intestate ? 

When he dies without having made a will. 

524. Before what officer must a Will be proved ? 

Before the Surrogate. 

525. Explain the term, Right of Dower. 

It is that portion of a man’s estate which the 
widow enjoys during her life. 

526. Why does the law require that a wife must join with her 
husband in signing a deed ? 

Unless the wife signed the deed, in case of the 
husband’s death she would have the right of 
dower in the property. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


79 


527. Who may make a Will ? 

Any one of lawful age and sound mind. 

528. What are the formalities of making a Will ? 

In general, it must be in writing, and signed 
at least by two witnesses, in whose presence the 
testator must sign it and declare it to be his last 
will and testament. 

529. How can it be revoked ? 

A will does not take effect until the testator’s 
death, and he can revoke it by destroying it or 
making a new will. 

530. What is a Codicil ? 

It is an addition to the will, and must be exe¬ 
cuted with the same formalities. 


PATENT RIGHTS, COPYRIGHTS, 
TRADE MARKS 


531. By what department are Patent Rights, Copyrights and 
Trade Marks issued ? 

Department of the Interior. 

532. Define a Patent Right. 

It is a right or privilege giving to a person for 
a certain number of years the exclusive right in 
the manufacture and sale of an invention. 



80 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


533. For how long are they issued ? 

Seventeen years. 

534. What is the cost of obtaining one ? 

Thirty-five dollars. 

535. What is a Copyright ? 

The legal right which an author has to print, 
publish and sell his own literary productions. 

536. For how long is it issued ? 

Twenty-eight years, and then can be re-issued 
for fourteen years. 

537. At what cost ? 

One dollar and two copies of the book. 

538. What is a Trade Mark ? 

It is a device adopted by manufacturers or 
dealers to mark the goods which they make or in 
which they deal. In order to protect it the words 
“ trade mark ” must be placed in close connection 
with the device. 

539. What department issues it ? 

Department of the Interior. 

540. For how long ? 

Thirty years, and at the expiration of thirty 
years the certificate can be renewed for another 
thirty years. 

541. What is the cost of the Certificate ? 

Twenty-five dollars. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


81 


PARTNERS, PARTNERSHIP, CON¬ 
TRACTS, ETC. 

542. What are Partners ? 

They are associates in any business or occupa,. 
tion. 

548. What is a Partnership ? 

It is a contract between two or more persons, 
joining together their money, property, labor or 
skill, for the purpose of carrying on some legal 
trade or business and sharing in profits and losses. 

544. To what extent are individual partners liable when a part¬ 
nership is said to be limited ? 

Only for the amount stated in the terms of 
partnership. 

545. What is a Contract ? 

It is the agreement of two or more persons, for 
certain considerations, to do or abstain from doing 
certain acts. 

546. When is a contract not binding ? 

When it is made with minors, or when force 
or fraud is used. 

547. How old must a person be before he can lawfully make a 
contract ? 

Twenty-one. 


7 


82 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


548. When may it be oral and when must it be written ? 

1. All contracts not to be performed within 
one year from the making thereof must be in 
writing. 2. All contracts for the sale of any 
goods for the price of fifty dollars or more will be 
void unless in writing, or unless the buyer accept 
and receipt for part of such goods, or unless the 
buyer pay part of the purchase money. 

549. Is a contract executed on Sunday valid ? 

No. 

550. What is a Promissory Note ? 

It is a written promise to pay a certain sum of 
money at some future date. 

551. What is meant by indorsement ? 

It is the writing upon the back of the note the 
name of the bearer, transferring it to some one else. 

552. What is necessary to make a Note binding ? 

Some valid consideration. 

553. What is a Draft ? 

A written request for the payment of money. 

554. What is meant by acceptance of a draft ? 

It is the promising to pay the draft when due, 
and it is done by the person accepting, by writing 
(usually with red ink) his acceptance and signing 
his name. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


83 


555. What is the indorser’s liability ? 

If the maker of the note does not pay it, the 
indorser is liable, when charged by notice of 
protest. 

556. What is an indorsement in full ? 

It is where the payee of the note orders the 
note to be paid to some particular person and signs 
his name to it. 

557. What is an indorsement in blank ? 

The payee simply writing his name across the 
back of the note. 

558. What does “without recourse ” mean ? 

When an indorser uses these words he frees 
himself from all liability. 

559. When is a note negotiable and when non-negotiable ? 

It is negotiable when it is made payable to the 
bearer or order of some person. Non-negotiable 
when it is made payable to some individual. 

560. Should a note fall due on Saturday, when is it payable ? 

On the following Monday. 

561. What is a forged paper ? 

It is the fraudulent making and alteration of a 
writing to the prejudice of another man’s right. 


84 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


562. What is meant by notice to indorser ? 

If the note is not paid when it becomes due, 
unless the holder of the note notifies the indorser, 
the indorser is not liable. 

563. From what time does a note draw interest ? 

If the note says with interest, from the date of 
the note, otherwise it does not begin to draw in¬ 
terest until after the note is due. 

564. Define Protest. 

It is a formal declaration made by a Notary 
Public of the non-payment of a note. 

565. What is a Check ? 

A draft drawn upon a bank or bankers for 
immediate payment. 


THE RELATIONS OF PARENTS AND 
CHILDREN. 

566. Mention some duties of parents to children. 

To protect them, support them and educate 
them to the age of twenty-one. 

567. Mention some of the rights of parents. 

The parent has a right to the custody of the 
child and has a right to their labor or service. 
Children who are able are in general bound to 
support indigent parents. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


85 


DEFINITIONS OF CRIMINAL 
OFFENSES 


568. Define Treason. 

It is the attempt by a citizen to overthrow the 
Government or betray it into the hands of its ene¬ 
mies. 

569. What is Burglary ? 

The forcible breaking into or entering the 
house of another with the purpose of committing 
crime. 

570. What is Robbery ? 

It is the felonious and forcible taking property 
away from another. 

571. What is Larceny ? 

It is commonly known as theft or stealing. It 
is the unlawful and intentional taking or appropri¬ 
ating the property of another. 

572. What is Bribery ? 

It is the promising of a reward to a person 
with a view of influencing his vote or judgment. 

573. What is Forgery ? 

It is the fraudulent making or altering any 
writing with the intention to deceive. 


86 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


674. What is Perjury ? 

The act of swearing falsely to any material 
subject upon an oath legally administered. 

575. Define Murder ? 

It is the killing of a human being with malice 
aforethought. 

576. What is Manslaughter ? 

It is the killing of a human being without 
malice aforethought. 

577. What is Embezzlement ? 

It is the fraudulently appropriating to one’s 
own use that which has been entrusted to his care. 

578. What is Bigamy ? 

It is the crime of having two husbands or two 
wives at the same time. 

579. What is Slander ? 

It is the malicious telling of a false report for 
the purpose of injuring some one. 

580. What is Libel ? 

It is the malicious printing or writing of a false 
report for the purpose of injuring some one. 

581. Who is an accessory to crime ? 

It is one who is in any way concerned in the 
commission of a crime. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


87 


582. What is a Felony ? 

It is a crime punishable by death or imprison¬ 
ment. 

583. What is Extortion ? 

It is the unlawful taking by an officer, by color 
of his office, of any money or thing of value, that 
is not due to him. 

584. What is Counterfeiting ? 

It is the making an imitation of something with 
the intention to deceive. 

585. Define Arson. 

It is the malicious burning of the building of 
another. 

586. What is Capital Punishment ? 

It is punishment by death. 

587. Name two offenses that are not bailable. 

Murder and Treason. 

588. What are capital crimes ? 

They are crimes punishable by death. 

589. What is Dueling ? 

It is a combat between two persons, fought by 
agreement, with deadly weapons. 

590. What is Piracy ? 

It is the taking property from others on the 
seas by open violence and with intent to steal. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


591. What is Fraud ? 

It is the unlawful appropriation of another’s 
property, with knowledge, by design, and without 
criminal intent. 


MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 

592. What is a Letter of Marque and Reprisal ? 

It is a license granted by the government to 
private individuals empowering them to seize the 
property of a foreign nation or its subjects as an 
indemnification for injuries received. 

593. How many counties are there in the State ? 

Sixty. 

594. How many States (1900) in the Union ? 

Forty-four. 

595. How many different Presidents (1900) of the United States 
have there been ? 

Twenty-four. 

596. How many different Governors (1900) of New York State ? 

Thirty-one. 

597. Who was the first Governor of New York State ? 

George Clinton. 

598. Who was the first Chief Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court ? 

John Jay of New York. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


89 


599. Who is the present (1900) Chief Justice of the United 
States Supreme Court ? 

Melville W. Fuller of Illinois. 

600. Has the term of office of Governor of this State always been 
three years ? 

From 1777 to 1823 the term of office was three 
years; from 1823 to 1877 the term was two years; 
since 1877 to 1896 the term was three years; now 
it is two years. 

601. How many Normal Schools are there (1900) in the State ? 

Twelve. 

602. How are they organized ? 

By an act of the State Legislature. 

603. What is the use of a well regulated Militia ? 

To preserve the peace and put down any sudden 
insurrection. 

604. Why should public officers take official oath or affirmation ? 

It is thought that by so doing a more faithful 
performance of their duty is secured. 

605. What is the main object in imprisoning convicts ? 

1st, to protect the community; 2d, to endeavor 
to reform the convicts. 

606. To what part of the English Parliament does the Senate 
correspond ? 

House of Lords. 

607. The House of Representatives ? 

House of Commons. 


90 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


608. What is meant by Civil Service of the United States ? 

It means tlie body of persons employed by the 
government, except in the army and navy. 

609. Name two ways in which money is provided for the support 
of the government. 

Duties upon goods imported into the country 
from abroad, and duties upon goods that are manu¬ 
factured and used here. 

610. Mention two rights of persons accused of crime. 

They have a right to a trial before a jury, and 
are to be furnished with a competent lawyer. 

611. Define Census. 

It is an official registration of the number of 
people, the value of estates, etc. 

612. When will the next general Census be taken ? 

June, 1900. 

613. Of what political importance is a Census ? 

It determines the number of Representatives 
to which each State is entitled. 

614. Define Pensions. 

It is a yearly amount paid by the government 
to disabled soldiers and to the families of soldiers 
slain in war. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


91 


615. Why are they given ? 

It is considered the duty of the government to 
care for those who have become disabled in its 
service. 

616. Define Bankruptcy. 

It is the inability of a person to pay his debts. 

617. What is an Insolvent or Bankrupt Law. 

It is a law that if the insolvent gives up all of 
his property to his creditors, it relinquishes him 
from the payment of the full debt. 

618. When is a man unable to give away his property ? 

When he is insolvent. 

619. What is Court Martial ? 

It is the court in which all military and naval 
offenders are tried. 

620. Are there any requirements as to population when new 
States are admitted into the Union ? 

There are not. 

621. In what two ways are Postmasters appointed ? 

By the President and confirmed by the Senate, 
and by the Postmaster General. 

622. What is Taxation ? 

It is the imposing taxes upon the subjects of 
the State by the government. 


92 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


623. How are Taxes levied by the United States government ? 

Tariff on imported goods; also by internal 
revenue. 

624. What classes of property are exempt from Taxation ? 

All public property, churches, school houses 
and cemeteries. 

625. How many kinds of Taxes are there ? 

Two; direct and indirect. 

626. What is a United States Consul ? 

A person who is commissioned to reside in a 
foreign country to protect the commercial interests 
of his country. 

627. What is a United States Minister ? 

A person who is empowered to represent the 
government at a foreign court. 

628. What is an Ambassador ? 

He is a Minister of the highest rank. 

629. What is a Fee Simple ? 

A fee without conditions or limits. 

630. Define the term Lien. 

It is a claim upon some real or personal prop¬ 
erty until a debt has been paid. 

631. What are Appurtenances ? 

They are those things which belong to some¬ 
thing else ; as buildings with a farm ; doors, win¬ 
dows, keys, etc., with a house. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


93 


632. Mention four prohibitions enjoined upon the States by the 
Constitution. 

They are forbidden to make treaties, to coin 
money, to make anything but gold or silver coin 
a tender in payment of debts, or to lay duties on 
imports or exports. 

633. Name three sources of internal revenue. 

From persons by poll or property tax; from 
goods imported into the country from abroad, 
and from goods manufactured and used in this 
country. 

634. What is the highest military title in our government ? 

General. 

635. Define specific and ad valorem duties. 

Specific duties are apportioned according to 
the weight of the article. Ad valorem duties are 
apportioned according to the market value of the 
article. 

636. What Training Schools have the Army and Navy ? 

Military school at West Point and naval school 
at Annapolis. 

637. How are appointments made to them ? 

By the President and by Members of Congress. 


94 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


638. Why is the term of office of Judge made longer than that 
of an executive officer ? 

Because it is thought desirable from the nature 
of his office that he should be as independent of 
the people as possible. 

639. What class of officers have power to issue warrants ? 

Judicial officers. 

640. What is a Caucus ? 

A meeting held by a political party before 
election for the purpose of selecting candidates. 

641. What are Primaries ? 

The assembling of the voters in a town or 
ward of any political party to choose delegates to 
a county or district convention. 

642. What is Legal Tender ? 

The currency or money of a country that can 
be offered legally in payment of a debt. 

643. What is Money ? 

Anything that is stamped by public authority 
and used as a medium of exchange. 

644. What is meant by a Quorum in a legislative body ? 

The number of members that must be present 
in order legally to transact business. 

645. What is an Extradition Treaty ? 

A treaty providing for the delivery of fugitives 
from justice by one nation to another. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


95 


646. How may a State be divided into two or more States ? 

By the concurrent action of Congress and the 
Legislature of the State. 

647. What is a Notary Public ? 

An officer nominated by the Governor and con¬ 
firmed by the Senate who is authorized to admin¬ 
ister oaths and take acknowledgements. 

648. For what purpose are Custom Houses established ? 

To collect duties or customs and transact busi¬ 
ness relating to the clearance and entry of vessels. 

649. What is a Corporation ? 

It is a society of persons authorized by law to 
transact business as an individual. 

650. What is a Monopoly ? 

The sole right of dealing in any particular line 
of goods. 

651. What is meant by Emigration ? 

Moving from one country to another to reside. 

652. What is meant by Immigration ? 

Moving into one country from another to reside. 

653. What is Usury ? 

It is a higher rate of Interest than is allowed 
by law. 


96 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


654. What is the difference between a County Court and Court 
of Sessions. 

A County Court is for the trial of civil cases. 
A Court of Sessions for the trial of criminal cases. 

655. What is a Road District ? 

A portion of the public highway under the 
care of an Overseer of Highways. 

656. Define the term Defalcation. 

It is the embezzlement of money by an officer 
or other person to whom it has been intrusted. 

657. What is Currency ? 

It is the paper money or coin which constitutes 
the circulating medium of a country. 

658. Define Power of Attorney. 

It is a written instrument giving an agent 
power to act for his principal. 

659. What is a Warranty ? 

It is an agreement of a person to become re¬ 
sponsible if certain facts do not come out as repre¬ 
sented. 

660. What is an Account Current ? 

It is a detailed statement of the transactions 
between two persons or firms and is usually ex¬ 
pressed in the form of debtor and creditor. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


97 


661. What is an Account Sales ? 

it is an itemized statement of sales and ex¬ 
penses sent by a commission merchant to his prin¬ 
cipal. 

662. What is an Administrator ? 

It is a person appointed by the court to settle 
an estate. 

663. What is a Strike ? 

The combining of workmen in an establishment 
or trade and agreeing not to do more work until 
certain demands are allowed. 

664. Define the term Arbitration. 

It is the adjusting of a disputed point by a per¬ 
son or persons chosen by the parties in dispute. 

665. What is an Assignee ? 

It is the person to whom the property of a 
bankrupt or insolvent debtor is transferred for the 
benefit of his creditors. 

666. What is an Assignment ? 

It is the act of transferring property to the 
assignee. 

667. What is an Affidavit ? 

It is a statement reduced to writing and sworn 
or affirmed to before some officer who has authority 
to administer an oath. 



98 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


668. What is a National Bank ? 

A bank established under the United States 
laws and granted certain privileges by the United 
States government. 

669. What is a Crime ? 

It is an act committed or omitted in violation 
of a public law. 

670. What is Theft ? 

It is the act of stealing. 

671. What is Solvency ? 

It is the state of a person who is able to pay 
all of his debts. 

672. What is Personal Property ? 

It is all property except real estate. 

673. What is Real Property. 

It is all real estate, including lands and tene¬ 
ments. 

674. What is a Folio ? 

In legal documents it is one hundred words; 
counting every figure a word. 

675. What is an Auditor ? 

It is an officer appointed by the government 
or some corporation to investigate accounts. 

676. What is meant by the term Balance in Trade ? 

It is the difference between the value of the 
exports and imports of a country. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


99 


677. What is a Board of Trade ? 

It is the association of business men for the 
purpose of regulating and advancing commercial 
interests. 

678. Define Compromise. 

It is an agreement made between two or more 
parties as a settlement of matters in dispute be¬ 
tween them. 

679. What is a Consignee ? 

It is a person to whom goods are sent to be 
sold. 

680. What is a Consignor ? 

It is a person who makes a consignment. 

681. What is a Consignment ? 

It is the sending of a bill of goods to another 
to be sold or disposed of by the latter for the con¬ 
signor. 

682. Define the Right of Eminent Domain. 

It is the right of the government or corpora¬ 
tion to take from a person private property for 
public purposes, for a reasonable compensation. 

683. What is the meaning of Gerrymander ? 

To divide a State into districts for the choice 
of representatives in an unnatural and unfair way, 
with a view to give a political party an advantage 
over its opponent. 


100 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


684. By what authority is the legal rate of interest established ? 

By an act of the Legislature. 

685. What is the salary of the School Commissioners of New 
York State ? 

The minimum salary paid is $1,000, and $200 
is allowed for expenses. 

686. What is filibustering in a legislative body ? 

Obstructing legislation by parliamentary 
tactics. 

687. What is meant by a reciprocity treaty ? 

It is a treaty entered into between two coun¬ 
tries conferring equal privileges as regards cus¬ 
toms or charges on imports. 

688. How far is a principal bound by the acts of his agent ? 

To the full extent of the contract between 
them. 

689. Define Enacting Clause. 

An enacting clause is the clause placed at the 
close of a bill stating when it shall take effect. 

690. What is the purpose of Civil Service law ? 

To render government service more efficient ; 
to make qualification the ground of appointment; 
to remove appointment from immediate partisan 
control. 


PRINCIPLES OF CrVEL GOVERNMENT 101 

691. Mention two means taken to prevent fraudulent voting. 

Registration previous to day of voting and 

challenging the vote on election dav. 

692. What is meant by giving bonds ? 

The giving of pledges or securities for a fixed 
sum which shall be liable to forfeiture if certain 
specified duties are not properly performed. 

693. Define Poll Tax. 

A tax levied on an individual without regard 
to property. 

594. Define License Tax. 

A tax imposed giving permission to carry on 
certain business, which without permission would 
be illegal. 

695. Name three commissioners appointed by the Governor. 

State Board of Charities, Forest Preserve 
Board, Board of Railroad Commissioners. 

696. How are members of Civil Service Commissions appointed 
and define their duties. 

In 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act 
allowing the President to select a board of ex¬ 
aminers on whose recommendation appointments 
are made for office. Candidates for office are 
subjected to competitive examination. This 
system has also been adopted in some States and 
cities. 


102 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


697. Define Chattel Mortgage. 

It is a mortgage on personal property as dis¬ 
tinguished from one on real property. 

698. Define Municipality. 

It is a borough, city, incorporated village or 
town. 

699. Who are citizens of the United States ? 

Head 14th amendment to Constitution. 

700. Is a woman a citizen ? Is a child ? Are Indians ? 


701. To what laws is an American vessel on the ocean subject ? 

International laws, but is entitled to the pro¬ 
tection of the United States government. 

702. What is a sovereign State ? 

A State which administers its own govern- 
ment, and is not dependent on or subject to 
another power. 

703. Is New York a sovereign State ? Is Germany ? Canada ? 
England ? United States ? 


704. What two things are accomplished by the mode of voting 
now in use in New York State ? 

Openness and secrecy; openness, because all 
in the room may see the ballot deposited in the 






PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


103 


proper place; secrecy, because in the booth where 
ballot is prepared no one is allowed except the voter. 

705. How many booths must be at every polling place ? 

Not less than one for every fifty voters in the 
election district. 

706. What is the object of booths ? 

So that the voter may prepare and fold his 
ballot in secret. 

707. In order for a man to vote at the general election, what 
must be done ? 

Each voter must have his name registered. 

708. Which are the days of registration ? 

In places outside of cities, the third and fourth 
Saturdays before election; in cities, the third and 
fourth Fridays and Saturdays before election. 

709. How does registration in the city and in the country differ ? 

In the city the voter must always appear in 
person to be registered. In the country, upon the 
first day of registration a voter’s friend may have 
him registered, but upon the last day of registration 
no one can be registered except he appear in person. 

710. Who prints the ballots ? 

By the law of 1890 the ballots are printed 
under the direction of the County Clerk. 

711. What does the ballot contain ? 

The names of the persons who have been regu¬ 
larly nominated by the respective political parties. 


104 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


712. What is a blanket ballot ? 

The complete ticket of any party. 

713. What is a paster ballot ? 

One on which, part or all of the candidates’ 
names of any political party are printed to be 
pasted over the regular ballot. 

714. What is a scratched ticket ? 

It is a ballot on which one or more of the 
names of candidates has been erased. 

715. What is a straight ticket ? 

It is the regular ticket of a party. 

716. What is a split ticket ? 

A ticket made up by selecting candidates from 
two or more of the regular tickets. 

o 

717. Describe the manner of voting. 

There shall be but one form of ballot, and on 
it shall be the names of all the candidates and the 
titles of the offices. The ticket or lists of candi¬ 
dates of the various parties shall be printed in 
parallel columns, headed by the name of the par¬ 
ties and chosen devices, and in such order as the 
Secretary of State shall name, preference being 
given to the party that polled the largest number 
of votes at the last preceding election and so on. 
There shall be a column at the right hand of the 
ballot in which the voter may write the name or 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


105 


names of any candidates whose name or names 
are not on the ballot. 

At the head of the lists there shall be a simple 
device, chosen by the parties, but neither the coat 
of arms nor seal of any State nor the United 
States, the National flag, nor any religious emblem 
or symbol, nor the portrait of any person, shall be 
chosen for such device or emblem. There shall 
be a blank circular space three quarters of an 
inch in diameter below the device and below this 
is the name of the party. At the head of the ballot, 
on the stub, are the following instructions to voters: 

To vote a straight ticket make a cross (X) 
within the circle above one of the party columns. 

To vote for an individual candidate, make a 
cross (X) mark in the space before his name. 

To vote for a person not on the ticket, write 
the name of such person under the title of the 
office in the column on the right and make a cross 
(X) mark in the space before the name. 

Any mark or erasure made on this ballot 
except as above indicated makes the ballot void 
and it cannot be counted. 

Use only a pencil having a black lead. 

The ballot is to be handed to the voter already 
folded. On receiving his ballot the elector shall 
forthwith, and without leaving the enclosed space, 


106 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


retire alone to one of the voting booths, and with¬ 
out undue delay, unfold and mark his ballot as 
described. No elector shall be allowed to occupy 
a booth more than five minutes in case all the 
booths are in use and electors are waiting. It 
will not be lawful to make any mark on the 
ballot other than the cross, or to deface or tear a 
ballot; any ballot so defaced or marked shall be 
void and shall not be counted. All marks must 
be made with a pencil having a black lead. If 
an elector spoils a ballot he may obtain others, 
one at a time, not exceeding in all three, and the 
spoiled ballot shall be placed in a box prepared 
for such. 

When the voter has marked his ballot he shall 
fold it so as to conceal the face of the ballot, but 
show the endorsement on the back, and he will 
then leave the booth and hand the ballot to the 
inspector who shall tear off the stub in plain view 
of the voter and deposit the ballot in one box 
and the stub in another. The voter shall then at 
once pass out. 

The above are the principal points for the voter to understand. 
Every teacher, however, should make every step perfectly plain to his 
pupils. 

In many cities and towns voting machines are now used. Where 
these are used, the teacher should explain their use and if possible take 
puptls to inspect them. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


107 


DECLARATION 
OF INDEPENDENCE. 


ADOPTED BY CONGRESS JULY 4, 1776. 


THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OP THE 
THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OP AMERICA IN 
CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 


When, in the course of human events, it be¬ 
comes necessary for one people to dissolve the 
political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the 
earth, the separate and equal station to which the 
laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind 
requires that they should declare the causes which 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all 
men are created equal, that they are endowed by 
their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that 
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of 
happiness. That to secure these rights, govern¬ 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed; 
that whenever any form of government becomes 





108 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a 
new government; laying its foundations on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, 
as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will 
dictate, that governments long established should 
not be changed for light and transient causes; 
and accordingly all experience hath shown that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolish¬ 
ing the forms to which they are accustomed. But 
when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pur¬ 
suing invariably the same object, evinces a design 
to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is 
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such gov¬ 
ernment, and to provide new guards for their 
future security. Such has been the patient suf¬ 
ferance of these colonies, and such is now the 
necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former systems of government. The history of 
the present King of Great Britain is a history of 
repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in 
direct object the establishment of an absolute 
tyrany over these States. To prove this, let facts 
be submitted to a candid world. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 10& 

He has refused his assent to laws, the most 
wholesome and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of 
immediate and pressing importance, unless sus¬ 
pended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended he has utterly 
neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the ac¬ 
commodation of large districts of people, unless 
those people would relinquish the right of repre¬ 
sentation in the legislature, a right inestimable to 
them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at 
places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from 
the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with 
his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeat¬ 
edly, for opposing with manly firmness his in¬ 
vasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time, after such dis¬ 
solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby 
the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their 
exercise ; the state remaining in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasion from with¬ 
out, and convulsions within. 


110 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


He lias endeavor to prevent the population of 
these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws 
for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migrations hither, and 
raising their conditions of new appropriations of 
lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice 
by refusing his assent to laws establishing 
judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will 
alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the 
amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and 
sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, 
and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, stand¬ 
ing armies, without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military inde¬ 
pendent of and superior to the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a 
jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unac¬ 
knowledged by our laws; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops 
among us; 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


111 


For protecting them, by a mock trial, from 
punishment for any murders which they should 
commit on the inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the 
world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits 
of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for 
pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws 
in a neighboring province, establishing therein an 
arbitrary government, and enlarging its bounda¬ 
ries, so as to render it at once an example and fit 
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule 
into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our 
most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally 
the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declar¬ 
ing themselves invested with power to legislate 
for us in all cases whatsoever: 

He has abdicated government here, by declar¬ 
ing us out of his protection, and waging war 
against us. 


112 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


He has plundered onr seas, ravaged our coasts, 
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our 
people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of 
foreign mercenaries to complete the works of 
death, desolation and tyranny, already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken 
captive on the high seas, to bear arms against 
their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by 
their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, 
and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of 
our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished de¬ 
struction of all ages, sexes and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have 
petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; 
our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince whose character 
is thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant, is unfit to be tbe ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our 
British brethren. We have warned them, from 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 113 

time to time, of attempts made by their legislature 
to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 
We have reminded them of the circumstances of 
our emigration and settlement here. We have 
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by the ties of our 
common kindred to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de¬ 
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold 
the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, 
friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United 
States of America, in General Congress assembled, 
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for 
the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, 
and by authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
free and Independent States / that they are ab¬ 
solved from all allegiance to the British crown, 
and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved ; and that as free and independent 
States , they have full power to levy war, conclude 


114 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and 
to do all other acts and tilings which independent 
States may of right do. And for the support of 
this declaration, and with a firm reliance on the 
protection of Divine Providence, we mutually 
pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and 


our sacred honor. 
Signed by 

New Hampshire. 

Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 

Samuel Adams, 

John Adams. 

Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 

Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Pennsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 

George Claymer, 
James Smith, 

George Taylor, 

James Wilson, 

George Ross. 

Deleware. 

Caesar Rodney, 

George Read, 

Thomas M’Kean. 


John Hancock. 

New York. 

William Floyd, 

Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 

Lewis Morris. 


New Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 


Virginia. 

George Wythe, 

Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr.. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 


North Carolina. 

William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 

John Penn. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


115 


Maryland. 

Samuel Chase, 

William Paca, 

Thomas Stone, 

Charles Carroll of Carrollton 


South Carolina. 

Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr , 
Thomas Lynch, Jil, 
Arthur Middleton. 


Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 


Georgia. 

Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 


THE CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 


PREAMBLE. 

(i.) 

We, the people of the United States, in order 
to form a more perfect union, establish justice, 
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general welfare, and 
secure the blessings or liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con¬ 
stitution for the United States of America. 




116 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


ART ICLE I. — Legislative. 

SECTION I.-CONGRESS. 

( 2 .) 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be 
vested in a Congress of the United States, which 
shall consist of a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

• SECTION II.-HOUSE OE REPRESENTATIVES. 

(3.) HOV COMPOSED. 

1. The House of Representatives shall be com¬ 
posed of members chosen every second year by 
the people of the several States ; and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numerous branch 
of the State Legislature. 

(4.) QUALIFICATIONS. 

2. No person shall be a representative who 
shall not have attained the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

(5.) APPORTIONMENT. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
apportioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union, according to their 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


117 


respective numbers, which shall be determined by 
adding to the whole number of free persons, in¬ 
cluding those bound to service for a term of years, 
and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the 
Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. The number of repre¬ 
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each shall have at least one repre¬ 
sentative; and until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be 
entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 
Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina 
five and Georgia three. 

(6.) VACANCIES. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representa. 
tion from any State, the executive authority thereof 
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies 

( 7 .) OFFICERS. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers, and shall have the 
sole power of impeachment. 


118 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


SECTION III.-SENATE. 

(8.) HOW COMPOSED. 

1. The Senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State, chosen 
by the Legislature thereof for six years, and each 
senator shall have one vote. 

( 9 .) DIVISIONS. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
in consequence of the first election, they shall be 
divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. 
The seats of the senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of 
the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of 
the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
every second year; and if vacancies happen, by 
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
Legislature of any State, the executive thereof 
may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill 
such vacancies. 

( 10 .) QUALIFICATIONS. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been 
nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
State for which he shall be chosen. 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


119 


(11.) PRESIDING OFFICER. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States 
shall be President of the Senate, but shall have 
no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

(12.) PRESIDENT PRO-TEMPORE. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore , in the absence 
of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

(13.) IMPEACHMENT. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose 
they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the chief 
justice shall preside; and no person shall be con¬ 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
the members present. 

(14.) JUDGMENT. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, 
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office 
of honor, trust, or profit under the United States • 
but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment according to law. 


120 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 


SECTION IV.-BOTH HOUSES. 

(15.) MEETINGS. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives shall be 
prescribed in each State by the Legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by 
law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the place of choosing senators. 

(16.) ASSEMBLE HOW OFTEN. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year, and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

SECTION V.-POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE HOUSES 

SEPARATELY. 

(17.) ELECTIONS. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elec¬ 
tions, returns, and qualifications of its own mem¬ 
bers, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller number 
may adjourn from day to day, and may be author¬ 
ized to compel the attendance of absent members 
in such manner and under such penalties as each 
house may provide. 

(18.) RULES. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


121 


proceedings, punish its members for disorderly 
behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
expel a member. 

(19.) JOURNAL. 

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro¬ 
ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, 
excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the 
members of either house, on any question, shall, 
at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be 
entered on the journal. 

(20.) ADJOURNMENT. 

4. Neither house during the session of Congress 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two houses shall be 
sitting. 

SECTION VI.-PRIVILEGES AND DISABILITIES OF 

MEMBERS. 

(21.) SALARY. 

1. The senators and representatives shall re¬ 
ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascer¬ 
tained by law and paid out of the treasury of the 
United States. They shall in all cases, except 
treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi. 
leged from arrest during their attendance at the 


122 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


session of their respective houses, and in going t 0 
or returning from the same; and for any speech 
or debate in either house, they shall not be ques¬ 
tioned in any other place. 

( 22 .) PROHIBITIONS. 

2. No senator or representative shall, during 
the time for which he was elected, be appointed 
to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or 
the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time; and no person holding any 
office under the United States shall be a member 
of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII.-REVENUE BILLS AND THE MODE OF 

PASSING LAWS. 

( 23 .) REVENUE BILLS. 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
in the House of Representatives; but the Senate 
may propose or concur with amendments, as on 
other bills. 

( 24 .) MODE OF PASSING LAWS. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the 
House of Representatives and the Senate shall, 
before it become a law, be presented to the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States; if he approve, he shall 
sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 123 

objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, 
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house 
shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other house, 
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of 
both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
and the names of the persons voting for and 
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of 
each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sun. 
days excepted) after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as 
if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their 
adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 

( 25 .) SIGNATURE OR VETO. 

3. Every order, resolution or vote to which 
the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre. 
sentatives may be necessary (except on a question 
of adjournment) shall be presented to the Presi. 
dent of the United States; and before the same 
shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, 
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 


124 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


two-thirds of the Senate and House of Represen¬ 
tatives, according to the rules and limitations pre¬ 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII.-LEGISLATIVE POWERS GRANTED TO 

CONGRESS. 

( 26 .) 

The Congress shall have power: 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the 
common defense and general welfare of the 
United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises 
shall be uniform throughout the United States; 

( 27 .) 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the 
United States; 

( 28 .) 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several States, and with the Indian 
tribes; 

( 29 .) 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, 
throughout the United States; 

( 30 .) 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of 
weights and measures; 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


125 


(81.) 

6. To provide for tlie punishment of counter¬ 
feiting the securities and current coin of the 
United States; 

( 32 .) 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

( 33 .) 

8. To promote the progress of science and use¬ 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors 
and inventors the exclusive right to their respec¬ 
tive writings and discoveries; 

( 34 .) 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
Supreme Court; 

( 35 .) 

10. To define and punish felonies committed 
on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of 
nations; 

( 36 .) 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque 
and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures 
on land and water; 

( 37 .) 

12. To raise and support armies; but no ap¬ 
propriation of money to that use shall be for a 
longer term than two years. 


126 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


( 38 .) 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

( 39 .) 

14. To make rules for the government and 
regulations of the land and naval forces; 

( 40 .) . 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec¬ 
tions, and repel invasions; 

( 41 .) 

16. To provide for organizing, arming and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing such 
part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States, reserving to the States 
respectively the appointment of the officers, and 
the authority of training the militia according to 
the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

( 42 .) . 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all 
cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceed¬ 
ing ten miles square) as may, by cession of partic¬ 
ular States and the acceptance of Congress, be¬ 
come the seat of government of the United States, 
and to exercise like authority over all places pur¬ 
chased, by the consent of the Legislature of the 
State in which the same shall be, for the erection 
of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other 
needful buildings; and 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


127 


( 43 .) 

18. To make all Laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the fore¬ 
going powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United 
States, or in any department or office thereof. 

SECTION IX.-POWERS DENIED TO THE UNITED STATES. 

( 44 .) 

1. The migration or importation of such per¬ 
sons as any of the States now existing shall think 
propel* to admit shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight 
hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be im¬ 
posed on such importation, not exceeding ten dol¬ 
lars for each person. 

( 45 .) 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended unless when, in case of re¬ 
bellion or invasion, the public safety may require 
it. 

( 46 .) 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, 
shall be passed. 

( 47 .) 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumer¬ 
ation hereinbefore directed to be taken. 


12S 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


( 48 .) 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex¬ 
ported from any State. 

( 49 .) 

6. No preference shall be given by any regula¬ 
tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound 
to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or 
pay duties in another. 

( 50 .) 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury 
but inconsequence of appropriations made by law; 
and a regular statement and account of the re¬ 
ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall 
be published from time to time. 

(51.) 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States; and no person holding any office 
of profit or trust under them shall, without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever 
from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X.-PROHIBITIONS UPON THE STATES. 

( 52 .) ABSOLUTE. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation; grant letters of marque and 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


129 


reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make 
anything but gold and silver coin a tender in pay¬ 
ment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post- 
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con¬ 
tracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

( 53 .) CONSENT OF CONGRESS. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or 
exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws; and the net pro¬ 
duce of all duties and imposts laid by any State 
on imports or exports shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

( 54 .) 

3. No State shall, without the consent of Con¬ 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or 
ships of warm time of peace, enter into any agree¬ 
ment or compact with another State or with a 
foreign power, or engage in war unless actually 
invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not 
admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II.— Executive Department. 

SECTION I.-PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 

( 55 .) TERM OF OFFICE. 

1. The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He 


10 


130 PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 

shall hold his office during the term of four years; 
and together with the Vice-President chosen for 
the same term, be elected as follows: 

( 56 .) ELECTION. 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner 
as the legislature thereof may direct a number of 
electors equal to the whole number of senators 
and representatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or 
Representative, or person holding an office of 
trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an elector. 

( 57 .) ACTION OF ELECTORS. 

3. *[The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of 
whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall 
make a list of all the persons voted for, and of 
the number of votes for each ; which list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the 
seat of the government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. The person haying the greatest number 


♦Altered by the XII Amendment. 



PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


131 


of votes shall be the President, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
have such majority, and have an equal number of 
votes, then the House of Representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot one of them for 
President; and if no person have a majority, 
then, from the five highest on the list, the said 
House shall in like manner choose the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each 
State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose 
shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
case, after the choice of the President, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
shall be the Vice-President. But if there should 
remain two or more who have equal votes, the 
Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- 
President.] 


( 58 .) TIME OF ELECTION. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they 
shall give their votes, which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 


132 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


( 59 .) QUALIFICATIONS. 

5. No person, except (1) a natural born citizen 
or a citizen of the United States at the time of 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President; neither shall any person 
be eligible to that office who shall not have (2) 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and (3) 
been fourteen years a resident within the United 
States. 

( 60 .) VACANCIES, HOW FILLED. 

6. Iu case of the removal of the President 
from office, or of his death, resignation or inabil¬ 
ity to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent; and the Congress may, by law, provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability 
both of the President and Vice-President, declar¬ 
ing what officer shall then act as President, and 
such officer shall act accordingly until the dis¬ 
ability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

( 61 .) SALARY. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation which shall neither 
be increased nor diminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected ; and he shall 
not receive within that period any other emolu¬ 
ment from the United States, or any of them. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


183 


( 62 .) OATH OF OFFICE. 

8. Before lie enter on the execution of his 
office, he shall take the following oath or affirm¬ 
ation : 

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the 
United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of 
the United States.” 

SECTION H.-POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. 

( 63 .) COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, ETC. 

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and 
of the militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual service of the United States. He 
may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi¬ 
pal officer in each of the executive departments^ 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices; and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for offences against 
the United States, except in cases of impeach¬ 
ment. 

( 64 .) TREATIES. NOMINATIONS. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the ad¬ 
vice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, 
provided two-thirds of the Senators present con¬ 
cur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the 


134 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint, 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
judges of the supreme court, and all other officers 
of the United States whose appointments are not 
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
established by law. But the Congress may, by 
law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers 
as they may think proper in the President alone, 
in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart¬ 
ments. 

( 65 .) VACANCIES. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up 
all vacancies that may happen during the recess 
of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

SECTION III.—DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT. 

( 66 .) 

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the 
Congress information of the state of the Union, 
and recommend to their consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and ex¬ 
pedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, 
convene both houses, or either of them; and in 
case of disagreement between them with respect 
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them 
to such time as he shall think proper. He shall 
receive ambassadors and other public ministers. 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 135 

He shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed; and shall commission all the officers of 
the United States. 

SECTION IV.-IMPEACHMENTS. 

(67.) 

1. The President, Vice-President and all civil 
officers of the United States, shall be removed 
from office on impeachment for, and conviction 
of, treason, bribery or other high crimes or mis¬ 
demeanors. 

ARTICLE III. —Judicial Department. 

SECTION I.-COURTS. 

( 68 .) 

1. The judicial power of the United States 
shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such 
inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to 
time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of 
the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their 
offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, 
which shall not be diminished during their con¬ 
tinuance in office. 

SECTION II.-JURISDICTION. 

(69.) EXTENT. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases 
in law and equity arising under this Constitution, 


136 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


the laws of the United States and treaties made, 
or which shall be made under their authority; to 
all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min¬ 
isters and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controver¬ 
sies between two or more States; between a State 
and citizens of another State; between citizens of 
different States; between citizens of the same 
State claiming lands under grants of different 
States and between a State, or the citizens 
thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 

(70.) AMBASSADORS, ETC. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls, and those in which 
a State shall be a party, the supreme court shall 
have original jurisdiction. In all other cases be¬ 
fore mentioned, the supreme court shall have 
appellate jurisidiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions and under such regulations 
as the Congress may make. 

(71.) TRIAL—CRIMES. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of 
impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial 
shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed; but when not com¬ 
mitted within any State, the trial shall be at such 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


137 


place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 


SECTION III.-TREASON. 

*72.) PROOF OF. 

1. Treason against the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against them, or in 
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and 
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason 
unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

(73.) PUNISHMENT. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason; but no attainder of 
treason shall work corruption of blood, or for¬ 
feiture, except during the life of the person at¬ 
tainted. 

ARTICLE IV.— The States and the Federal 
Government. 

SECTION I.-STATE RECORDS. 

(74.) 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each 
State to the public acts, records and judicial pro¬ 
ceedings of every other State; and the Congress 
may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records and proceedings shall be 
proved, and the effects thereof. 


138 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


SECTION II.-RIGHTS OF CITIZENS, ETC. 

( 75 .) 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the 
several States. 

( 76 .) EXTRADITION. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice 
and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which 
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

( 77 .) IN SLAVE TIMES. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one 
State, under the laws thereof, escaping into an¬ 
other, shall in consequence of any law or regula¬ 
tion therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III.-NEW STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

( 78 .) ADMISSION. 

1. New States may be admitted by the Con¬ 
gress into this Union ; but no new State shall be 
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other State; nor any State be formed by the junc¬ 
tion of two or more States, or parts of States, 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


139 


without the consent of the Legislatures of the 
States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

( 79 .) DISPOSITION. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of, and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting, the territory or other property belong¬ 
ing to the United States; and nothing in this Con¬ 
stitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claims of the United States or of any particular 
State. 


SECTION IV.-PROTECTION TO THE STATES. 

( 80 .) 

The United States shall guarantee to every State 
in this Union a republican form of government, 
and shall protect each of them against invasion ; 
and, on application of the Legislature, or of the 
executive (when the Legislature cannot be con¬ 
vened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V.— Power of Amendment. 

( 81 ) 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both 
Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
amendments to this Constitution, or, on the appli¬ 
cation of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the sev¬ 
eral States, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 


140 PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 

to all intents and purposes as part of this Consti¬ 
tution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three- 
fourths of the several States, or by conventions of 
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode 
of ratification may be proposed by Congress; pro. 
vided that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth 
clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived 
of its equal suffrage in the senate. 

ARTICLE VI. —National Debt, Supremacy of 
Constitution, Oath of Office, 
Religious Test. 

( 82 .) VALIDITY OF DEBT. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements en¬ 
tered into before the adoption of this Constitution 
shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

( 83 .) SUPREME LAW. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the 
United States which shall be made in pursuance 
thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the authority of the United States, 
shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges 
in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


141 


the Constitution or laws of any State to the con. 
trary notwithstanding. 

( 84 .) OATH, RELIGIOUS TEST. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several State 
Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, 
both of the United States and of the several States, 
shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to sup¬ 
port this Constitution; but no religious test shall 
ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII.— Establishment. 

( 85 .) 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Con¬ 
stitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent 
of the States present, the seventeenth day of Sep¬ 
tember, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Inde¬ 
pendence of the United States of America the 
twelfth. 

Constitution ratified by the States, 1787-1790. 


142 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

The first ten Amendments were adopted in 1791. The 11th in 
1798, the 12th in 1804, the 13th in 1865, the 14th in 1868, and the 
15th in 1870. 

Article I. 

(86.) FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an estab' 
lishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exer¬ 
cise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
or of the press; or the right of the people peace¬ 
ably to assemble, and to petition the government 
for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. 

(87.) ARMS. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the 
security of a free state, the right of the people to 
keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 

(88.) QUARTERING SOLDIERS. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered 
in any house, without the consent of the owner, 
nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre¬ 
scribed by law. 

Article IV. 

(89.) SECURITY OF PEOPLE. 

The right of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unrea- 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


143 


sonable searches and seizures shall not be vio¬ 
lated, and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirma¬ 
tion, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. 

( 90 .) CRIMINAL OFFENSES. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital 
or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a present¬ 
ment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
militia, when in actual service in time of war or 
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of 
life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 
case, to be a witness against himself, nor be de¬ 
prived of life, liberty or property, without due 
process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article VI. 

( 91 .) CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjoy the right of a speedy and public trial, by an 
impartial jury of the State and district wherein 
the crime shall have been committed, which dis¬ 
trict shall have been previously ascertained by 


44 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 


law; anrl to be informed of the nature and cause 
of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit¬ 
nesses against him; to have compulsory process 
for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have 
the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article VII. 

(920 TRIAL BY JURY. 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right 
of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in 
in any court of the United States, than according 
to the rule of the common law. 

Article VIII. 

( 93 .) BAIL. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces¬ 
sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish¬ 
ment inflicted. 

Article IX. 

( 94 .) RIGHTS UNNAMED. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain 
rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
others retained by the people. 

Article X. 

( 95 .) POWERS RESERVED. 

The powers not granted to the United States 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 145 

by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the States respectively or 
to the people. 

Article XI. 

( 96 .) SUITS AGAINST STATES. 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, 
or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

Article XII. 

( 97 ) ELECTION PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by ballot for President, and Vice- 
President, one of whom at least shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
They shall name in their ballots the persons voted 
for as President, and in distinct ballots the person 
voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, 
and for all persons voted for as Vice-President, 
and of the number of votes for each; which lists 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 
to the seat of Government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 


u 


146 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all of the certificates, and the vote3 shall be 
counted. The person having the greatest number 
of votes for President shall be President, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
majority, then from the persons having the highest 
number, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representa¬ 
tives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the Pres¬ 
ident. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from 
each State having one vote; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the States, and a majority of the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a Pres¬ 
ident, whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
upon them, before the fourth day of March next 
following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in case of death or other constitu¬ 
tional disability of the President. 

( 98 .) VICE-PRESIDENT. 

2. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole num¬ 
ber of electors appointed, and if no person have a 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


147 


majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; 
a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a 
majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

( 99 .) ELIGIBILITY. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President shall be eligible to that of 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Article XIII. 

( 100 .) SLAVERY. 

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

Article XIV. 

( 101 .) RIGHTS CIVIL. 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction 
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of 
the State wherein they reside. No State shall 
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 


148 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of 
life, liberty or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

( 102 .) APPORTIONMENT, 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their respective 
numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. 
Rut when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of electors for President and Vice-President 
of the United States, Representatives in Congress, 
the executive and judicial officers of a State, or 
the members of the legislature thereof, is denied 
to any of the male members of such State, being 
twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
States, or in any way abridged, except for par¬ 
ticipation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis 
of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
proportion which the number of such male citi¬ 
zens shall bear to the whole number of male citi¬ 
zens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

( 103 .) DISABILITIES- 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Representa¬ 
tive in Congress, or elector of President and Vice- 
President, or hold any office, civil or military, 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 149 

under the United States, or under any State, who 
having previously taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
as a member of any State Legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup¬ 
port the Constitution of the United States, shall 
have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof. But Congress may, by a two-thirds vote 
of each house, remove such disability. 

( 104 .) VALIDITY OP PUBLIC DEBT. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including debts 
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion? 
shall not be questioned. But neither the United 
States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or 
rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
for loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such 
debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal 
and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

Article XV. 

( 105 .) POLITICAL RIGHTS. 

1. Tlie right of the citizens of the United 
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 


150 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


the United States or by any State on account of 
race, color or previous condition of servitude. 


(106.) LAW ENFORCED. 


2. Congress shall have power to enforce by 
appropriate legislation the provisions of this 
article. 

DEPARTMENTS AND COUNTIES EMBRACED IN APPEL 
LATE DIVISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT. 


Fourth Department,. 


Third Department, 


Second Department, 


First Department, 



j City and County 
( of New York. 
f Counties of 

| Richmond, Putnam, 

J Kings, Dutchess, 

I Queens, Orange, 

| Suffolk, Rockland, 

L Westchester. 

( Counties of 

Columbia, Franklin, 

Rensselaer, Clinton, 

Sullivan, Montgomery, 

Ulster. Hamilton, 

Albany, Fulton, 

Greene, Schenectady, 

-( Schoharie, Otsego, 

Warren, Delaware, 

Saratoga, Madison, 

St. Lawrence, Chenango, 

Washington, Tompkins, 

Essex, Broome, 

Chemung, Schuyler, 

(Tioga, Cortland, 

f Counties of 

j Onondaga, Erie, 

I Jefferson, Chautauqua, 

I Oneida, Cattaraugus, 

Oswego, Orleans, 

J Herkimer, Niagara, 

| Lewis, Genesee, 

Livingston, Allegany, 

I Ontario, Wyoming, 

Wayne, Yates, 

I Steuben, Seneca, 


I Ontario, 
Wayne, 

I Steuben, 
l Cayuga, 


Livingston, 


) Lewis, 


Franklin, 

Clinton, 

Montgomery, 

Hamilton, 

Fulton, 

Schenectady, 

Otsego, 

Delaware, 

Madison, 

Chenango, 

Tompkins, 

Broome, 

Schuyler, 

Cortland. 


Orange, 

Rockland, 


Monroe. 




PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


151 


SENATORIAL DISTRICTS OF NEW YORK STATE. 

I.—Counties of Suffolk and Richmond. 

II.—County of Queens. 

Ill to IX.—Inclusive are located in Brooklyn. Refer to Consti¬ 
tution for complete description. 

Districts X to XXI are located in New York City. Refer to Con¬ 
stitution for complete description. 

XXII.—County of Westchester. 

XXIII.—Counties of Orange and Rockland. 

XXIV.—Counties of Dutchess, Columbia and Putman. 

XXV.—Counties of Ulster and Greene. 

XXVI.—Counties of Delaware, Chenango and Sullivan. 
XXVII.—Counties of Montgomery, Fulton, Hamilton, Scho¬ 
harie. 

XXVIII.—Counties of Saratoga, Schenectady, Washington. 

XXIX.—County of Albany. 

XXX.—County of Rensselaer. 

XXXI.—Counties of Clinton, Essex and Warren. 

XXXII.—Counties of St. Lawrence and Franklin. 

XXXIII.—Counties of Otsego and Herkimer. 

XXXIV.—County of Oneida. 

XXXV.—Counties of Jefferson and Lewis. 

XXXVI.—County of Onondaga. 

XXXVII.—Counties of Oswego and Madison. 

XXXVIII.—Counties of Broome, Cortland and Tioga. 

XXXIX.—Counties of Cayuga and Seneca. 

XL.—Counties of Chemung, Tompkins and Schuyler. 

XLI.—Counties of Steuben and Yates. 

XLII.—Counties of Ontario and Wayne. 

XLIII to XLV.—City of Rochester. Refer to Constitution. 

XLV.—Counties of Niagara. Genesee and Orleans. 

XLVI.—Counties of Allegany, Livingston and Wyoming. 
XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX—City of Buffalo. Refer to Constitution. 
L.—Counties of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus. 

ASSEMBLY DISTRICTS OF NEW YORK STATE. 

Until the next enumeration are as follows : 

Allegany, Chemung, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, 
Delaware, Essex, Franklin, Fulton and Hamilton Counties together, 


152 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


Genesee, Greene, Herkimer, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Mont¬ 
gomery, Ontario, Orleans, Otsego, Putnam, Richmond, Rockland, 
Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, Sullivan, Tioga, 
Tompkins, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates 
form each one assembly district. 

Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Dutchess, Jefferson, 
Niagara, Orange, Oswego, St. Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, and 
Ulster have each two assembly districts. 

Oneida, Queens, Rensselaer and Westchester have each three 
assembly districts. 

Albany, Monroe, and Onondaga have four assembly districts. 

Erie has eight assembly districts. 

Kings has twenty one assembly districts. 

New York has thirty-five assembly districts. 


INDEX. 


Simple number refers to question in book. 

Number in parenthesis to paragraph of Constitution. 

Acceptance. 554 

Accessories. 581 

Acknowledgement. 519 

Account Sales.661 

Account Current-■.660 

Administrator. 662 

Affidavit.667 

Alien. 488 

Amendments U. S. Constitution.67, 76 (18) Cons 

Amendments State Constitution.278 

Ambassador.,628 

Appeal.458 

Appeal, Number of. 454 

Appellate Jurisdiction.474 

Appurtenances.681 

Arms.(87) Cons 

Articles of Confederation.46, 50 

Articles of Adoption.47 

Articles of Ratification.48 

Articles of Defects.49 

Articles of Act to Revise.57 

Arrest.460 

Arbitration.664 

Arraignment. 466 

Assembly (N. Y.). 299-304 

Assignee.665 

Assignment. 666 

Attorney General (N. Y.).. .. .252-254 

Auditor.676 
































154 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


Bail. 

Balance in Trade. 

Bankruptcy. 

Bank. 

Bigamy. 

Ballot. 

Bonds. 

Booths. 

Bill of Attainder. 

Bill. 

Board of Claims (N. Y.) 

Board of Trade. 

Bribery. 

Burglary. 

Cabinet. 

Cabinet Officers. 

Cabinet Appointment... 

Cabinet Salary. 

Capital Crimes....._ 

Capital Punishment.... 

Caucus. 

Census. 

Check. 

Children. 

Challenging Vote. 

Circuit Court (U. S.)... 
Circuit Court (N. Y.).. 

Civil Service. 

Civil Action. 

Citizen. 

City Courts. 

Cities, Government of.. 

County Court. 

Coronors. 

Common Councils.__ 

Counterfeiting. 

Court. 

Court of Record. 


.458-459-587 (93) Cons 

.677 

.616 

.668 

.578 

.710-713 

.692 

.705-706 

.463 (46) Cons 

.185-186 

.268 

.677 

.572 

.569 

.106 

.107 

..108 

.109 

.588 

.586 

.640 

.611-612-618 

.565 

.566-567 

.496-497 

.203-204-205 

. 293 

.608, 690, 696 

.456 

482, 484, 499, 502, 699 

.368 

.364-373 

.654 

.356 

.367 

.584 

.470 (68) Cons 

.671 








































PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


155 


Congressional Districts. 



Congress, 1st Continental. 



“ 

Presiding Officer. 



4 t 

Where held. 



44 

Number of delegates. 



“ 

Colony not represented.... 


.36 

( 4 

Result of Deliberation. 



4 « 

2nd Continental. 



1 4 

Where held first. 



4 4 

Presiding Officer. 


.40 

4 4 

Number of Delegates. 


. 41 

4 4 

Length of Session. 


.42 

44 

Accomplished what. 



4 4 

Presidents of. 


.52 

“ 

Places where convened.... 



• 4 

Number of Houses. 



4 f 

Members, how elected. 



“ 

Peculiarity of voting. 



44 

Constitutional. 



4 4 

Where held. 



44 

Presiding Officer. 


.60 

44 

Number of Delegates. 


.61 

4 4 

State not represented. 



4 4 

Impossible to do what. 



Congress, 


,...138, 173 

, 174, 175 ,2) Cons 

4 4 

Convenes when. 



“ 

Why two bodies. 


.139 

“ 

How often new. . 


.140 

« 4 

Number. 



44 

Duties of. ( . 


..143 (17-20) Cons 

“ 

Powers. 


..144 (26-43) Cons 

4 4 

Adjournment. 


.170 

C 4 

Quorum. 



44 

Convened where. 



4 4 

Extra session... . 



44 

Privileges. 

. .164, 165, 

166, 173 (21) Cons 

44 

Rules of. 


.177 

4 4 

Contested seats. 


.183 








































156 


PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


Congress, Committees in.187, 188, 189 

Constitution, U. S.64 

“ Amendments.67 

“ Amendment Adopted.69-70 

“ Establishment.(85) Cons 

“ How Amended.( 68 ) Cons 

“ Powers Reserved.(95) Cons 

‘ ‘ Ratification.65-66 

‘ ’ Supreme Law.(83) Cons 

Constitution, (N. Y.).270-272 

“ Amendments.273 

“ Revision.274 

Court of Claims (U. S.).209 

Court of Claims, Duties.210 

Court of Claims, Appointment.211-212 

Court of Claims, Salary. 213 

Court of Impeachment, U. S.215-218 (13) Cons 

Court of Appeals (N. Y.).279-283 

Contract.545-549 

Comptroller (N. Y.).249-251 

Copy Right.531-535-537 

Consignment..681 

Consignor.680 

Consignee.679 

Compromise. 678 

Collection of Duties.479 

Codicil.530 

Counties, Government of.342-363 

County Judge.351 

County Clerk. 353 

Complaint. 465 

Colonies.29 

Colonies, Date of Settlement.30 

Colonies, Cause of Severing with England.31 

Court Martial.619 

Consul (U. S.).626 

Corporation.649 

Convicts.605 








































PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


157 


Criminal Action . 

Crime. 

Currency. 

Custom Houses. 

Criminal Offenses. 

Criminal Prosecutions. 

Debts. 

Draft. 

Declaration of Independence... 

Deed. 

Defendant. 

Defalcation. 

Departments of Government.... 

Disabilities of U. S Officers- 

Disfranchisement. 

District Attorney. 

District Court (U. S.). 

District of Columbia. 

Duties specific and ad valorem 

Election. 

Election (N. Y). 

Electoral College, Members of.. 
Electoral College, Appointment 

Electoral College, Duties. 

Eminent Domain. 

Emigration. 

Embezzlement. 

Enacting Clause. . 

Estate. 

Estate, Real.-. 

Estate in fee. 

Estate, For years. 

Estate, Future. 

Estate, Life. 

Executive Session. 

Ex post facto.. 

Extortion. 

Extradition treaty. 


.455 

.669 

.657 

.648 

.(90) Cons 

.(91) Cons 

.(82) (104) Cons 

.553-554 

.44-45 

513, 514, 516, 517, 520 

.448 

.656 

.80, 81 

.(103) Cons 

.492-493 

.355 

.206-208 

.167 

.635 

.94, 405 (59) Cons 

.327 

.91, 92 

.93 (56) Cons 

.96 (97) Cons 

.682 

.651 

.577 

.689 

.506 

.507 

.508 

.509 

.510 

.511 

..168, 195 

.462 (46) Cons 

.583 

.645 (76) Cons 









































158 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


Felony.582 

Filibustering.686 

Folio. 674 

Forgery.561, 573 

Franchise.489, 491 

Fraud.591 

Freedom, religion, speech, press .(86) Cons 

Free trade.478 

Gerrymander.683 

Government.1 

“ Civil.2 

“ Necessary.7 

“ Forms.12 

“ Patriarchal..13 

“ Theocratic.14 

“ Aristocratic.15 

“ Monarchial.16-21 

“ Democratic.22 

“ Republican. 23 

Prior to Revolution. 25 

“ Proprietary.26 

44 Royal.27 

“ Charter. 28 

‘ ‘ Departments of.80 

Governor.231 

4 ‘ Qualifications.232 

“ Duties. 233 

“ Salary.234-236 

“ Term.235 

“ Appointive Power.239,262 

“ Judicial Power.238 

“ Message.241 

44 Veto.237 

Government Supported.609 

Grace, Days of.560 

Habeas Corpus.461 

Holidays. 429 











































PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 159 

House of Representatives.....119, 607 

How composed.(3) Cons 

President elected.97 (98) Cons 

Rules.(18) Cons 

Number.121 (5) Cons 

Journal.(19) Cons 

Apportioned.122 (5) (102) Cons 

Power.126 

Qualification.180 (4) Cons 

Adjournment.(20) Cons 

“ “ “ Salary.131 (21) Cons 

“ “ “ Election.132 

“ '* “ Meetings..(15) (16) Cons 

“ “ “ Term.133 

Presiding Officer.152 (7) Cons 

“ “ “ Vacancies.169 (6) Cons 

“ “ Prohibitions.(22) Cons 

Revenue Bills.(23) Cons 

“ “ “ States represented largest.128 

Immigration.652 

Impeachment (U. S.).216. 217, (13) (67) Cons 

Impeachment Judgment.(14) Cons 

Impeachment (N. Y.).284-286 

Indictment.457 

Indorser.562 

Indorsement.551, 556, 557 

Injunction. 467 

Interest, Legal rate.684 

Insolvent or Bankrupt Law.616-617 

Intestate..;.528 

Judges (U. S.) Jurisdiction.(69) (70) Cons 

Judges, Appointment.199 

Judges, Term.201. 204, 207, 212, 638 

Judges, Supreme Court.200 

Judges, Salary.202, 205, 208, 213 

Judgment.452 

Judicial Officers. 638-639 

Judicial Department (N. Y.). 278-610 












































180 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


Judicial Department (U. S.).197-198 

Jurors.437, 444 

Jurors, Exempt.438 

Jury.433, 505 

Jury, Justice.434 

Jury, Trial.433, 444,443 

Jury, Petit..435 

Jury, Struck.436 

Jury, Grand.439. 440, 442, 443, 445 

Law.3 

Law, Statute.4 

Law, Common.5 

Law, International. 6 

Law, Fundamental.82, 229 

Law, Passage. 129, (24) Cons 

Law, Take Effect.184 

Larceny. 571 

Lease.518 

Legal Tender.642 

Legislative Department (U. S.).119 

Legislative Department (N. Y.).299-331 

Libel.580 

Lien.630 

Lieutenant Governor.240 

Lieutenant Governor, Qualifications.242 

Lieutenant Governor, Duties.243 

Lieutenant Governor, Term.244 

Lieutenant Governor, Salary.245 

Majority.485 

Manslaughter.576 

Mandamus.468 

Marque and Reprisal.592 

Mayor. 366 

Message, President.105 

Message, Governor.241 

Military Duty.504 

Militia.. .603 

Minister (U. S.).627 










































PRINCIPLES OF CITIL GOVERNMENT 161 

Mortgage. 515 , 516 , 517 

Mortgage, Chattel. 697 

Municipality.698 

Murder.. 

Monopoly.650 

Money.643 

Note.550, 552 , 559 

Nation. 79 

Naturalization.500-501 

Negotiable. 559 

Normal Schools.601-602 

Notary Public.647 

Oath of Office.180-181 (84) Cons 

Officers, Territories.220 

, Officers Salaries. 221 

Offices held by Women.432 

Original Jurisdiction.473 

Parents.„.566 

Partners. 542, 544 

Partnership.543 

Patent Right. 531-534 

Peace Treaty.179 

Perjury.574 

Pensions.614-615 

Piracy.*.590 

Plaintiff.447 

Pleadings.450 

Plurality.486-487 

Political Year (U. S.).141 

Political Year (State).323 

Ports of Entry.480-481 

Postmasters.621 

Power of Attorney. 658 

Preamble.77-78 (1) Cons 

President (U. S.).83 (55) Cons 

“ “ Cabinet.106-118 

“ “ Duties.84 ( 66 ) Cons 

Qualifications.( 86 ) (59) Cons 


12 









































162 


PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


President (U.8.) Salary .(87) (61) Cons 

“ “ Election.88 (56) (97) Cons 

“ “ Term .89-90 (55) Cons 

“ “ Oath.100 (62) Cons 

“ “ Powers.101 (63) (64) (65) Cons 

“ “ Military Rank.103 (63) Cons 

“ “ Legislative Officer.104 

“ “ Message.105 

“ “ Advisers.106 

“ “ Succession.118 (60) Cons 

“ Pro-tempore, (U. S.).158-159(12) Cons 

“ Pro-tempore, (N.Y.).158, 162, 316 

Principal Bound.688 

Protest.564 

Primaries.641 

Property Personal... ,.672 

Property, Real.673 

Prohibitions, United States.(44-51) Cons 

Prohibitions, States.632, (52-54) Cons 

Public Money Schools. 426 

Qualifications, Officers (N. Y.).269 

Quorum.644 

Registration.707, 708, 709 

Reciprocity.687 

Regents Board.332-335 

Religious Test.(84) Cons 

Reprieves.101 

Representatives at Large.172 

Revenue Bills. 127 

Right of Dower.525, 526 

Rights.8, 488 

Rights, Unnamed.(95) Cons 

Rights, Kinds.9 

Rights, Political.10 (105) Cons 

Rights, Civil.,.11 (101) Cons 

Rights, Citizens. (75) Cons 

Road District.655 

Robbery.670 











































PRINCIPLES OP CIVIL GOVERNMENT 163 

School District and Government.411-432 

School Commissioner.359. 685 

Secretary of State, (N. Y.).246-248 

Security of People.(89) Cons 

Senate, (U. S.).119, 603 

“ “ How Composed.(8) Cons 

“ “ Number in.124 

“ “ Adjournment .170 (20) Cons 

“ Apportionment.122-125 

“ “ Journal.(19) Cons 

“ “ Power.128 

“ “ Meetings.(15) (16) Cons 

“ “ Qualifications.134 (10) Cons 

“ “ Salary.135 (21) Cons 

“ “ Pules.(18) Cons 

“ “ Term.136 

“ “ Election.138 (17) Cons 

“ “ Presiding officer.145 (11) Cons 

“ “ Vacancies.169 

“ “ Committees.188, 191 

“ “ Divisions.(9) Cons 

“ “ Prohibitions.(22) Cons 

Senate (N. Y.).305-312 

Senators (U. S.).239 

Senators (N. Y.).305, 312, 330 

Sheriff.345, 349, 350 

Signal Service.112 

Slander. 579 

Slavery.(100) Cons 

Soldiers, Quartered.(88) Cons 

Solvency.071 

Speaker (N. Y.).313, 314 

Speaker (U. S.).102, 157. 190 

Special Term Court (N.Y.).298 

State . 646 

Strikes.063 

State Soverign.702 

States Admitted.182 (78) Cons 












































164 


PRINCIPLES OF CIYIL GOVERNMENT 


States Protected.(80) Cons 

State Government Department.227-228 

State Assessors. 267 

State Constitution.229 

State Officers.230 

Superintendent Public Instruction.336-341 

Supreme Court (U. S.).214 

Supreme Court (N. Y.).287-299 

Subpoena.464 

Supervisors, Board of. 348-381 

Summons.449 

Suits against States.(96) Cons 

Surrogate.351 

Superintendent of Poor.857 

Superintendent of Banking.263 

Superintendent of Insurance.264 

Superintendent of Prisons.265 

Superintendent of Public Works.266 

Tariff, Protective.476 

Tariff, Revenue.477 

Taxation.622-625 

Taxes.693, 694 

Territories.219 

“ Officers and Salary.220-221 

“ Representation.222 

“ Legislature.223 

“ Judicial Power.225 

“ Admission.(78) Cons 

“ Disposition of.(79) Cons 

Ticket. 714-717 

Theft.670 

Town. 374, 375 

Town Officers and Government. .376, 399 

Town Meeting.394, 395 

Treason.568 

Treason, Proof.(72) Cons 

Treason, Punishment.(73) Cons 

Treasurer (N. Y.).255-257 










































PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 


165 


Treaties. 

Trade Mark. 

Trust... 

Usury. 

Verdict.. 

Veto Power.. 

Village Government, Etc. ... 
Vice-President, Qualifications 

Vice-President, Election. 

Vice-President, Salary. 

Voter. 

Voting. 

War. 

Warrant. 

Warranty. 

Will. 


.194 

.531, 538, 541 

.512 

.653 

.446, 451 

.85 (25) Cons 

. 400-410 

.147 

.148, 150, 151 (97) (98) Cons 

.149 

.494, 495, 498 

.691, 704-717 

......178 

.469 

.659 

521, 522, 524, 527, 528, 529 


















NEW EDITION 


WEBSTER’S 

INTERNATIONAL 

DICTIONARY 

NEW PLATES THROUGHOUT 

25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS 

PHRASES AND DEFINITIONS 

Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T. Harris, 

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assisted by a large corps of competent specialists and 
editors. 

Rich Bindings 2364 Pages 5000 Illustrations 

BETTER THAN EVER FOR SCHOOL AND TEACHER 


Also Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary with Scottish 
Glossary, etc. “First class in quality, second class in 
size.”— Nicholas Murray Butler. 


Speoimen pages, etc., of both books sent on application. 

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Jan • 17 1901 


DEC 26 fSOO 






